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Puritanism gave Americans a sense of history as a progressive drama under the direction of God, in which they played a role akin to, if not prophetically aligned with, that of the Old Testament Jews as a new chosen people.
Through the reigns of the Protestant King Edward VI (1547-1553), who introduced the first vernacular prayer book, and the Catholic Mary I (1553-1558), who sent some dissenting clergymen to their deaths and others into exile, the Puritan movement–whether tolerated or suppressed–continued to grow. Neuman, Meredith Marie (2013). Jeremiah's Scribes: Creating Sermon Literature in Puritan New England. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. A decade later, a larger, better-financed group, mostly from East Anglia, migrated to Massachusetts Bay. There, they set up gathered churches on much the same model as the transplanted church at Plymouth (with deacons, preaching elders and, though not right away, a communion restricted to full church members, or “saints”). Differences Between Pilgrims and PuritansPuritans were dissatisfied with the limited extent of the English Reformation and with the Church of England's toleration of certain practices associated with the Roman Catholic Church. They formed and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and corporate piety. Puritans adopted a covenant theology, and in that sense they were Calvinists (as were many of their earlier opponents). In church polity, some advocated separation from all other established Christian denominations in favour of autonomous gathered churches. These Separatist and Independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s, when the supporters of a presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church. Coffin, Charles (1987), The Story of Liberty: So You Will Comprehend What Liberty Has Cost, and What It Is Worth, Maranatha Publications, ISBN 093855820X ODI World Cup: Matt Henry and Jimmy Neesham among latest injury concerns for New Zealand in South Africa drubbing
Puritanism broadly refers to a diverse religious reform movement in Britain committed to the Continental Reformed tradition. [47] While Puritans did not agree on all doctrinal points, most shared similar views on the nature of God, human sinfulness, and the relationship between God and mankind. They believed that all of their beliefs should be based on the Bible, which they considered to be divinely inspired. [48] The process by which the elect are brought from spiritual death to spiritual life ( regeneration) was described as conversion. [52] Early on, Puritans did not consider a specific conversion experience normative or necessary, but many gained assurance of salvation from such experiences. Over time, however, Puritan theologians developed a framework for authentic religious experience based on their own experiences as well as those of their parishioners. Eventually, Puritans came to regard a specific conversion experience as an essential mark of one's election. [54] Pat, Perrin (1 January 1970). Crime and Punishment: The Colonial Period to the New Frontier. Discovery Enterprises. p.24. together for a time as copartners in grace here, [that] they may reigne together forever as coheires in glory hereafter. [79] Johnson, James Turner (1970). A Society Ordained by God. Nashville: Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-0687389339.
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In Pakistani textbooks, Akbar, not Aurangzeb is accused of fermenting the downfall of the Mughal empire. Ali in his article writes that the contrast between the two “appears a conflict between evil and good, and Akbar suffers a humiliating defeat in the hands of textbook historians”. McCullough, David (22 May 2001). John Adams. New York: Simon & Schuster. p.223. ISBN 0-684-81363-7.
Miller, Neil (13 October 2010). Banned in Boston: The Watch and Ward Society's Crusade against Books, Burlesque, and the Social Evil. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-5113-9 . Retrieved 26 January 2023. Springfield's 375th: From Puritans to presidents". MassLive.com. 9 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2023. Puritans in both England and New England believed that the state should protect and promote true religion and that religion should influence politics and social life. [107] [108] Certain holidays were outlawed when Puritans came to power. In 1647, Parliament outlawed the celebration of Christmas, Easter and Whitsuntide. [109] Puritans strongly condemned the celebration of Christmas, considering it a Catholic invention and the "trappings of popery" or the "rags of the Beast". [110] They also objected to Christmas because the festivities surrounding the holiday were seen as impious (English jails were usually filled with drunken revelers and brawlers). [111] During the years that the Puritan ban on Christmas was in place, semi-clandestine religious services marking Christ's birth continued to be held, and people sang carols in secret. [112] Following the restoration in 1660, when Puritan legislation was declared null and void, Christmas was again freely celebrated in England. [112] Christmas was outlawed in Boston from 1659. [113] The ban was revoked in 1681 by the English-appointed governor Edmund Andros, who also revoked a Puritan ban on festivities on Saturday nights. [113] Nevertheless, it was not until the mid-19th century that celebrating Christmas became fashionable in the Boston region. [114]
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Perhaps most important, as Max Weber profoundly understood, was the strength of Puritanism as a way of coping with the contradictory requirements of Christian ethics in a world on the verge of modernity. It supplied ethics that somehow balanced charity and self-discipline. It counseled moderation within psychology that saw worldly prosperity as a sign of divine favor. Such ethics were particularly urgent in a New World where opportunity was rich, but the source of moral authority was obscure. Hall, David D. (2019). The Puritans: A Transatlantic History. Princeton University Press. H-Net online review. Ali writes that the arguments to accuse Akbar for the downfall of the Mughal Empire is derived from the Pakistani historian I H Quershi, who vehemently criticises Akbar’s incorporation of non-Muslims in the Mughal Empire. “Akbar had changed the nature of the polity profoundly,” wrote Quershi as cited by Ali. “The Muslims were still the dominant group in the state, but it had ceased to be a Muslim state… Akbar had so weakened Islam through his policies that it could not be restored to its dominant position in the affairs of the State,” Quershi wrote. Puritans began smuggling themselves out of England to the Netherlands where there was greater religious tolerance and a number of congregations established themselves in Amsterdam. One such congregation, in the Village of Scrooby, England, was discovered by the Anglican Archbishop Tobias Matthew (l. 1546-1628 CE) in 1607 CE, and its members were arrested and fined. The group was led by the pastor John Robinson (l. 1576-1625 CE) who afterwards resolved to go the same route others had and leave for the Netherlands. They first moved to Amsterdam but, finding dissent among the Puritan congregations too rife there, moved on to Leiden.
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