Northern England - Michelin Regional Map 502: Map (Michelin Regional Maps, 502)

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Bounds, Andrew; Tighe, Chris (22 July 2016). "Funding concerns for UK's northern business after Brexit vote". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2017. Uniquely for such a large urban belt in Europe, these cities are all as recent as the Industrial Revolution – most of them previously scattered villages. [27] Vast urban areas have emerged along the coasts and rivers, and they run almost contiguously into each other in places. Near the east coast, trade fuelled the growth of major ports and settlements ( Kingston upon Hull, Newcastle upon Tyne, [c], Middlesbrough and Sunderland) to create multiple urban areas. [27] [28] Inland needs of trade and industry produced an almost continuous urbanisation from the Wirral Peninsula to Doncaster, taking in the cities of Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Sheffield, with a population of at least 7.6 million. [29]

a b "Region Trade Statistics Latest Release". UK Trade Info. HMRC. 4 March 2017. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2017. The individual regions of the North have had their own identities and cultures for centuries, but with industrialisation, mass media and the opening of the North–South divide, a common Northern identity began to develop. This identity was initially a reactionary response to Southern prejudices—the North of the nineteenth century was largely depicted as a dirty, wild and uncultured place, even in sympathetic depictions such as Elizabeth Gaskell's 1855 novel North and South [212]—but became an affirmation of what Northerners saw as their own personal strengths. [213] [214] [215] Traits stereotypically associated with Northern England are straight-talking, grit and warmheartedness, as compared to the supposedly effete Southerners. [213] [216] Northern England—especially Lancashire, but also Yorkshire and the North East—has a tradition of matriarchal families, where the woman of the house runs the home and controls the family's finances. This too has its roots in industrialisation, when mills offered well-paid work for women: during depressions when demand for coal and steel were low, women were often the main breadwinners. Northern women are still stereotyped as strong-willed and independent, or affectionately as battle-axes. [217] [218] [219] "It's grim up north" [ edit ] The Durham Miners' Gala is one of the largest trade union events in Europe. [220] Long, David (2015). Lost Britain: An A-Z of Forgotten Landmarks and Lost Traditions. Michael O'Mara. ISBN 978-1-78243-441-2.Ellis, Amy; Fry, Robert (2010). "Regional health inequalities in England" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 March 2017.

The Northern Powerhouse Independent Economic Review" (PDF). SQW. 1 May 2016 . Retrieved 18 May 2017. Corrigan, Phil (20 November 2015). "Big Issue: Alastair Campbell asks is Stoke-on-Trent in the Midlands or the North?". Stoke Sentinel. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 15 March 2017. Housing, Planning, Local Government and the Regions Committee (18 April 2006). Coastal Towns: Session 2005–06. The Stationery Office. p.Ev 140–141. ISBN 978-0-215-02841-9.

Titles at a glance". Newsworks. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016 . Retrieved 9 March 2017. a b "Magnetic South". The Economist. 9 August 2007. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 8 March 2017.

Cities shown include the four capitals: London (England), Edinburgh (Scotland), Cardiff (Wales) and Belfast (Northern Ireland) as well as other large towns and cities. In terms of life chances the only line within another European country that is comparable to the North-South divide is that which used to separate East and West Germany. This is found not just in terms of relative differences in wealth either side of the line, but most importantly in terms of health where some of the extremes of Europe are now found within this one divided island of Britain. Fulton, Kane (4 November 2015). "Can the North of England rival London's Tech City?" . Retrieved 12 March 2017.Tate, Tim (2013). Girls with Balls - The Secret History of Women's Football. John Blake. ISBN 9781782196860. Map of the South West of England - see a map of Bath, Bristol, Exeter, Oxford & the south west of England.

The phrase it's grim up north is associated with coal mining, industrial mills, weather and the way of life in the north of England during the Victorian and post World War I eras, when mills, coal mining, child labour and slums were common. The phrase is often used by those who are not from the north of England, who paint the north as being different to the south of England. The current Mayor of Greater Manchester, Andy Burnham, has quoted the north as being grim, but not a bad thing. [221] [222] [223] [224] [225] The phrase was quoted in 1991 when the band The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu a.k.a. The KLF used it in relation to a lot of places in the north of England including Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Merseyside and Yorkshire. As well as parts of the East Midlands Region and Cumbria and they use the phrase repeatedly in their song of the same name.Hetherington, Alastair (1989). "Yorkshire Post". News in the Regions: Plymouth Sound to Moray Firth. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-19952-5. Dorling, Danny (2007). "The North-South Divide – Where is the line?". University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2017.