Real Rape, Real Pain: Help for women sexually assaulted by male partners

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Petrak, Jenny; Hedge, Barbara, eds. (2003). The Trauma of Sexual Assault Treatment, Prevention and Practice. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p.2. ISBN 978-0-470-85138-8. Another large-scale study was conducted in Australia, with 850 rapes reported to the Victoria police between 2000 and 2003 (Heenan & Murray, 2006). Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, the researchers examined 812 cases and found 15.1% of complaints were withdrawn, 46.4% were marked "no further police action", and 2.1% of the total were "clearly" classified by police as false reports. In these cases, the alleged victim was either charged with filing a false police report, or threatened with charges, and the complaint subsequently withdrawn. [156] Borowsky IW, Hogan M, Ireland M (1997). "Adolescent sexual aggression: risk and protective factors". Pediatrics. 100 (6): E7. doi: 10.1542/peds.100.6.e7. PMID 9382908.

What is a Victim Advocate-". victimsofcrime.org. Archived from the original on 2018-09-24 . Retrieved 2017-09-09. Nghiem L. Nguyen (2006). "Roman Rape: An Overview of Roman Rape Laws from the Republican Period to Justinian's Reign". In Aydin v Turkey, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled for the first time that rape amounts to torture, thus violating article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It stated, "Rape of a detainee by an official of the State must be considered to be an especially grave and abhorrent form of ill-treatment given the ease with which the offender can exploit the vulnerability and weakened resistance of his victim." [188]Some clinicians are specially trained in the treatment of those who have experienced rape and sexual assault/abuse. Treatment can be lengthy and challenging for both the counselor and the patient. Several treatment options exist and vary by accessibility, cost, or whether or not insurance coverage exists for the treatment. Treatment also varies depending upon the expertise of the counselor—some have more experience and or have specialized in the treatment of sexual trauma and rape. To be the most effective, a treatment plan should be developed based upon the struggles of the patient and not necessarily based upon the traumatic experience. An effective treatment plan will consider the following: current stressors, coping skills, physical health, interpersonal conflicts, self-esteem, family issues, involvement of the guardian, and the presence of mental health symptoms. The Medieval Blood Sanction and the Divine Beneficene of Pain: 1100–1450", Trisha Olson, Journal of Law and Religion, 22 JLREL 63 (2006) a b Corinne J. Saunders, Rape and Ravishment in the Literature of Medieval England, Boydell & Brewer, 2001, p. 20. Kalbfleisch, Pamela J.; Cody, Michael J. (2012). Gender Power and Communication in Human Relationships. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-48050-8 . Retrieved April 30, 2013. Groth, Nicholas A. (1979). Men Who Rape: The Psychology of the Offender. New York, NY: Plenum Press. p.227. ISBN 978-0-7382-0624-0.

Statistics about sexual violence" (PDF). National Sexual Violence Resource Center. 2015 . Retrieved January 8, 2018. a b Budrionis, Rita (2015). The sexual abuse victim and sexual offender treatment planner, with DSM-5 updates. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-07481-6.a b c d e Violence Against Women (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice – Office of Violence Against Women. April 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2016. In Italy, a 2006 National Statistic Institute survey on sexual violence against women found that 91.6% of women who suffered this did not report it to the police. [147] Conviction Health organizations and agencies have also expanded rape beyond traditional definitions. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rape as a form of sexual assault, [24] while the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) includes rape in their definition of sexual assault; they term rape a form of sexual violence. The CDC lists other acts of coercive, non-consensual sexual activity that may or may not include rape, including drug-facilitated sexual assault, acts in which a victim is made to penetrate a perpetrator or someone else, intoxication where the victim is unable to consent (due to incapacitation or being unconscious), non-physically forced penetration which occurs after a person is pressured verbally (by intimidation or misuse of authority to force to consent), or completed or attempted forced penetration of a victim via unwanted physical force (including using a weapon or threatening to use a weapon). [25] [26] The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has implemented universal screening for what has been termed "military sexual trauma" ( MST) and provides medical and mental health services free of charge to enrolled veterans who report MST (Title 38 United States Code 1720D; Public Law 108–422).

The WHO states that the principal factors that lead to the perpetration of sexual violence against women, including rape, are: [49] Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009". legislation.gov.uk/ UK Statute Law Database. 2009 . Retrieved December 12, 2013. The presence or absence of physical injury may be used to determine whether a rape has occurred. [81] Those who have experienced sexual assault yet have no physical trauma may be less inclined to report to the authorities or to seek health care. [82] Navanethem Pillay is quoted by Professor Paul Walters in his presentation of her honorary doctorate of law, Rhodes University, April 2005 Judge Navanethem Pillay. Introduction by Professor Paul Walters, Public Orator (doc file)

Transitions in women's roles in society were also shifting, causing alarm and blame towards rape victims. Because women were becoming more involved in the public (i.e. searching for jobs rather than being a housewife), some people claimed that these women were "loose" and looking for trouble. Giving up the gender roles of mother and wife was seen as defiant against traditional values while immersing themselves within society created the excuse that women would "not [be] entitled to protection under the traditional guidelines for male-female relationships". [183] a b c d e f g Varcarolis, Elizabeth (2013). Essentials of psychiatric mental health nursing. St. Louis: Elsevier. pp.439–442. Walker, G (August 2015). "The (in)significance of genital injury in rape and sexual assault". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 34: 173–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2015.06.007. PMID 26165680.

McMillan, Lesley (2018-01-02). "Police officers' perceptions of false allegations of rape". Journal of Gender Studies. 27 (1): 9–21. doi: 10.1080/09589236.2016.1194260. ISSN 0958-9236. S2CID 148033737.

Chen, Melissa J.; Creinin, Mitchell D. (July 2015). "Mifepristone With Buccal Misoprostol for Medical Abortion: A Systematic Review". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 126 (1): 12–21. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000897. ISSN 1873-233X. PMID 26241251. S2CID 20800109.