Lingva Franka (Russian Edition)

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During the Islamic Golden Age (around CE 1200), Arabic was the language of science and diplomacy. Arabic loanwords are found in many languages, including English, Persian, Turkish, Hindustani, Somali, Spanish, Portuguese and Swahili. In Iberia, this is a legacy of the Al-Andalus period. Additionally, Arabic was used by people neighbouring the Abbasid Caliphate. [ citation needed] Sogdian was used to facilitate trade between those who spoke different languages along the Silk Road, which is why native speakers of Sogdian were employed as translators in Tang China. [53] The Sogdians also ended up circulating spiritual beliefs and texts, including those of Buddhism and Christianity, thanks to their ability to communicate to many people in the region through their native language. [54] Find sources: "List of lingua francas"– news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( June 2023) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Akkadian (died out during Classical antiquity) and then Aramaic remained the common languages of a large part of Western Asia from several earlier empires. [27] [28] During the Renaissance, standard Italian was spoken as a language of culture in the main royal courts of Europe, and among intellectuals. This lasted from the 14th century to the end of the 16th, when French replaced Italian as the usual lingua franca in northern Europe. [ citation needed] On the other hand, Italian musical terms, in particular dynamic and tempo notations, have continued in use to the present day, especially for classical music, in music revues and program notes as well as in printed scores. Italian is considered the language of Opera. [44]

Language - Pidgins, Creoles, Dialects | Britannica

GRAMELOVÁ, Lucie. O namibijské němčině (Líza Getta). jazykový koutek [online]. 2018-10-12 [cit. 2022-04-03]. Dostupné online. After the Spanish conquest, Nahuatl remained the lingua franca of New Spain. Spanish friars matched the language to a Latin alphabet, and schools were established to teach Nahuatl to Spanish priests, diplomats, judges, and political leaders. In 1570, Nahuatl was made the official language of New Spain, and it became the lingua franca throughout Spanish North America, used in trade and the courts. During the prolonged Spanish conquest of Guatemala Spain's native allies, mostly from Tlaxcala and Cholula, spread Nahuatl to Maya areas where it was not spoken prior to the arrival of the Spanish, resulting in Nahuatl placenames across Guatemala which persist up to the present. [48] [ full citation needed] In 1696, the official use of any language other than Spanish was banned throughout the empire. Especially since Mexican independence, the use of Nahuatl has dwindled. [ citation needed] Occaneechi [ edit ]The largely interintelligible Manding languages of West Africa serve as lingua francas in various places. For instance Bambara is the most widely spoken language in Mali, and Jula (almost the same as Bambara) is commonly used in western Burkina Faso and northern Côte d'Ivoire; these two varieties are especially closely related and mutually intelligible, whereas other varieties may present more difficulties. Manding languages have long been used in regional commerce, so much so that the word for trader, jula, was applied to the language currently known by the same name. Other varieties of Manding are used in several other countries, such as Guinea, The Gambia, and Senegal. [ citation needed] Mende [ edit ] Around the Renaissance era a mixed language of Italian (80%) and many words from Turkish, French, Spanish, Greek and Arabic was used in the eastern region around the Mediterranean Sea It was in use as the language of commerce and diplomacy and was called lingua franca. At that time, in the port cities of the Ottoman empire there lived very many Italian speakers. Franca was the Italian word for Frankish. Its usage in the term lingua franca came from its meaning in Arabic. That word came into use before the Crusades, when Europeans used to be called " Franks" or Faranji in Arabic. The term lingua franca is first recorded in English in 1678. [2] Examples [ change | change source ]

Lingua Franca The History And Importance Of The Lingua Franca

Sanskrit historically served as a lingua franca throughout the majority of India. [25] [26] [27] [28] Sogdian [ edit ] Before the European Challenge: The Great Civilizations of Asia and the Middle East p.180 ISBN 0791401685 In Asia: Akkadian, Arabic, Aramaic, Azeri, Bengali, Chinese, Hebrew, Hindi-Urdu, Malay-Indonesian, Nepali, Persian, Sanskrit Cultural Crossroads: How Sanskrit became the Mughal lingua franca". sundayguardianlive.com. 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 February 2019. World War II and the expulsion of Germans from many European countries between 1945 and 1950 had a disastrous effect on the use of the German language in Central and Eastern Europe, where it was often suppressed and eventually dropped as a lingua franca by the mid-to-late 20th century being replaced by Russian during the Cold War and nowadays by English. [ citation needed] Italian [ edit ]

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Language – Pidgins and creoles". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 May 2021. With the growth of the Spanish Empire, Spanish became established in the Americas, as well as in parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania. It became the language of global trade until Napoleonic Wars [ citation needed] and the breakup of the Spanish Empire at the beginning of the 19th century. Spanish was used as a lingua franca throughout the former Spanish Colonial Empire, including territory in present-day U.S., but particularly in present-day Mexico, Spanish Caribbean, Central, South America and the Philippines, and still remains the lingua franca within Hispanic America. It is also widely understood, and spoken to different degrees, by many people in Brazil, especially in the South and Southeast. [ citation needed] Chandra, Abhimanyu. "How Hindi became the language of choice in Arunachal Pradesh". Scroll.in . Retrieved 21 February 2019.

English as a lingua franca - Wikipedia

Lingua francas have developed around the world throughout human history, sometimes for commercial reasons (so-called "trade languages" facilitated trade), but also for cultural, religious, diplomatic and administrative convenience, and as a means of exchanging information between scientists and other scholars of different nationalities. [3] [4] The term is taken from the medieval Mediterranean Lingua Franca, a Romance-based pidgin language used especially by traders in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th centuries. [5] A world language—a language spoken internationally and by many people—is a language that may function as a global lingua franca. [ citation needed] Characteristics [ edit ] Douglas Harper's Online Etymology Dictionary states that the term Lingua Franca (as the name of the particular language) was first recorded in English during the 1670s, [22] although an even earlier example of the use of it in English is attested from 1632, where it is also referred to as "Bastard Spanish". [23] Usage notes [ edit ] Also known as Runa Simi, as the Inca empire rose to prominence in South America, this imperial language became the most widely spoken language in the western regions of the continent. Even among tribes that were not absorbed by the empire, Quechua still became an important language for trade because of the empire's influence. Even after the Spanish conquest of the Andes, Quechua for a long time was the most common language, and was promoted by the Spanish colonial authorities in the first centuries of colonization. Today it is still widely spoken although it has given way to Spanish as the more common lingua franca. It is spoken by some 10 million people throughout much of South America (mostly in Peru, southwestern and central Bolivia, southern Colombia and Ecuador, northwestern Argentina and northern Chile). [ citation needed] Mapudungun [ edit ] Aramejština, rodný jazyk Aramejců, se stala lingvou frankou Asyrské říše a západních provincií Perské říše, hlavně díky svému jednoduchému abecednímu systému, který je jednodušší než klínopis. Aramejština byla takto používána i v časech Ježíše Krista. Europeans and their languages – European commission special barometer FEB2006" (PDF) . Retrieved 5 January 2010.Tagalog was declared the official language in 1897 by the first constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato. [31] Native Tagalog speakers are one of the country's largest linguistic and cultural groups, numbering an estimated 14 million. The Filipino language, which is the standardised register of Tagalog, is taught in schools nationwide and is an official language of education and business along with English. [32] Turkish is still in use and widely spoken in several areas formerly part of the Ottoman Empire and may be understood by older people in other parts of the Balkans. It is still used among the Turks, Kurds, Zazas, Armenians, and more ethnicities in Turkey. [ citation needed] Yiddish [ edit ]

Лінгва франка — Вікіпедія

Lingua Franca (in Italian)". uwm.edu. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 February 2019. Ngambay is an important lingua franca of southwestern Chad, covering areas where Chadian Arabic is not as widespread. It is the most important of the Sara languages and may be used by speakers of other varieties. [ citation needed] Sango [ edit ]Yiddish originated in the Ashkenazi culture that developed from about the 10th century in the Rhineland and then spread to central and eastern Europe and eventually to other continents. For a significant portion of its history, Yiddish was the primary spoken language of the Ashkenazi Jews. Eastern Yiddish, three dialects of which are still spoken today, includes a significant but varying percentage of words from Slavic, Romanian and other local languages. [ citation needed]