Inspired Pain

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Well this is the flipside of Scarry’s book. While she talks a lot about the world-destroying aspects of pain, she also talks about the world-building capacity which we might summon in response to pain. That capacity depends upon the imagination and metaphor. Taken together, studies on avoidance learning suggest that avoidance behavior might have a rewarding component that could explain its maintenance, even if it is associated with high costs—an aspect we will explore in the next section. It should be noted that in studies on avoidance learning, aversive outcome has so far commonly been operationalized as loss of monetary reward or absence of gains to allow for direct comparison of positive and negative outcome (i.e., gain vs. loss of money). Whether findings from these studies can directly be translated to the delivery of aversive stimuli such as pain and on a more general level to avoidance behavior related to acute and chronic pain warrants further investigation.

inspiration: A renewable energy source for leaders Tapping into inspiration: A renewable energy source for leaders

When you are driven by inspiration, you’ll be aware of the costs and challenges of something, as well as the rewards and benefits, and do it anyway. De Maria, G.; Natale, C.; Pirozzi, S. Directions Toward Effective Utilization of Tactile Skin: A Review. IEEE Sens. J. 2014, 14, 4109. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]Last but not least, pain not only motivates behavior but is also subject to and influenced by motivational states. The same joint pain we experienced during our first running session might be negligible if it occurred while we try to escape from an assailant. The relationship between pain and motivations is therefore considered bidirectional. Over recent years, interest in the modulation of pain through cognitive and affective processes has intensified considerably and constitutes a third strand of research—this time, however, with a focus on sensory processing. Due to studies in this and related fields, pain is no longer seen as a direct reflection of incoming nociceptive information but is understood to vary depending on cognitive-affective influences, including current and long-term motivations of the individual. Yes, and also because the victim is often voiceless. In torture and in war, there is an enormous toll of pain which goes unnoticed or misrepresented and which can then be used to substantiate the power of the torturer or the regime or the warring state. Suggested by: being worse on inspiration, shallow breaths, pleural rub, evidence of infection (fever, cough, consolidation, etc.).

Pain Scales: A Critical Phenomenology of Frontiers | Beyond Pain Scales: A Critical Phenomenology of

When you’re inspired, you’ll embrace both pleasure and pain. Inspiration is a renewable energy source. When you tap into it, it provides energy in abundance. As a leader, recognising the fine balance between distress and eustress and operating from a place of inspiration can be key to optimal growth and effectiveness. Huang, Y.; Tao, L.-Q.; Yu, J.; Wang, Z.; Zhu, C.; Chen, X. Integrated Sensing and Warning Multifunctional Devices Based on the Combined Mechanical and Thermal Effect of Porous Graphene. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 14, 53049–53057. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]What Job says so eloquently is that you can’t have pain without asking why, why is this happening to me. That is the question that Job keeps asking himself when he is afflicted with one horrible disease after another. Deborah is a remarkable person and so is her book. She is an artist as well as a patient who attends a pain clinic in London. One day she came up with this brilliant idea. If patients like her were having trouble speaking about pain, maybe they could show their pain instead. Maybe what was needed was a visual language of pain. So she decided to work with other patients, taking and manipulating photographic images that would show how they felt inside. Wood, J.N.; Abrahamsen, B.; Baker, M.D.; Boorman, J.D.; Donier, E.; Drew, L.J.; Nassar, M.A.; Okuse, K.; Seereeram, A.; Zhao, J.; et al. Ion channel activities implicated in pathological pain. Novartis Found. Symp. 2004, 261, 32–40. [ Google Scholar] To summarize, there is cumulative evidence suggesting that the prospect of pain is integrated into the evaluation of appetitive stimuli and might thereby affect the net evaluation of these stimuli. The translation of this experimental research in healthy volunteers into patients suffering from chronic pain could provide novel, clinically highly relevant insights into pain-related choices and more specifically, the compromised ability to implement top–down processing in goal conflicts. A particularly promising focus is the characterization of impaired DLPFC functions, which comprise not only a top–down influence on stimulus and action evaluation but also executive functions such as “goal shielding” through biased attentional processing. Furthermore, future neuroimaging studies on pain-related goal conflicts should consider other conflict-relevant dimensions apart from valence. In contrast to experimental settings in which participants choose between simple stimuli that are delivered immediately, conflict in the context of (chronic) pain often arises from more complex scenarios in which the options are typically on different time scales (e.g., pain relief from analgesics as short-term benefit vs. side-effects as long-term adversity). Insights into the integration of action outcome with different time constants could help in understanding the preference for immediate pain relief despite the detrimental long-term costs. Finally, future studies on the resolution of goal conflicts in the context of pain should explore the integration of relevant information in the brain in more detail. The exchange and comparison of information regarding costs and benefits as well as the subsequent decision-making processes require dynamic brain circuitries rather than single brain regions. Tools focusing on dynamic parameters (e.g., analysis of functional connectivity) and computational models that inform brain imaging analysis based on behavioral data can therefore add valuable new insights. Interruptive Function of Pain: Attentional Processes Despite recent advances in this field, additional studies are needed to understand the complex interaction between fear/anxiety and pain processing in more detail. First, a growing number of observations on the role of the (para-)hippocampal formation in pain modulation has to be integrated into the vast body of literature on this structure in fear and anxiety in general. Furthermore, the significance of this structure for pain-related and fear-related disruption of cognitive operations as discussed in the section on the interruptive function of pain warrants further investigation. For instance, a recent study showed that the pain-related disruption of memory encoding was reflected in the hippocampus ( Forkmann et al., 2013), suggesting that this structure is not only a mediator of pain modulation but might also be a target. Although the hippocampus is often considered a single functional entity, there is cumulating evidence suggesting a functional segregation into a dorsal part related to cognitive functions and a ventral part that is involved in emotional processing and stress (for an overview see Fanselow and Dong, 2010) which also show differential functional connectivity patterns under threat ( Satpute et al., 2012). The investigation of the role of both sub-divisions in pain-related fear and anxiety could reveal a more detailed picture of the relevance of the hippocampus in the modulation of pain.

Bio‐Inspired Multi‐Mode Pain‐Perceptual System (MMPPS (PDF) Bio‐Inspired Multi‐Mode Pain‐Perceptual System (MMPPS

Confirmed by: no raised troponin after 12 hours, and no ST-segment or T-wave changes serially on ECG. Response to rest and analgesics. The type of pain modulation that has probably most commonly been linked to motivational aspects is placebo analgesia. More specifically, it has been hypothesized that the ability to produce an analgesic effect via endogenous pain inhibitory mechanisms scales with the anticipation of reward from pain relief (for a more comprehensive view on placebo analgesia, including the role of the descending pain inhibitory pathway in mediating the influence of placebo-related beliefs, see Zubieta and Stohler, 2009; Tracey, 2010; Atlas and Wager, 2012). Using functional molecular imaging, Scott et al. (2007) investigated the relationship between reward anticipation and individual analgesic placebo responses in healthy volunteers. Their results showed that the degree of placebo analgesia correlated with the release of dopamine during placebo analgesia. Moreover, both measures were proportional to activation in the NAc during the expectation of monetary reward in a separate fMRI experiment, which indicates that variations in the function of reward processing might determine one's ability for endogenous pain control.So there is this idea that the people who are torturing have a licence to do it because they can easily choose not to see their victim’s pain?