The I.R.A.

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In 1974 Seamus Costello, an Official IRA member who led a faction opposed to its ceasefire, was expelled and formed the Irish National Liberation Army. [100] This organisation remained active until 1994 when it began a "no-first-strike" policy, before declaring a ceasefire in 1998. [101] Its armed campaign, which caused the deaths of 113 people, was formally ended in October 2009 and in February 2010 it decommissioned its weapons. [101]

Carlin had been compromised by former MI5 handler Michael Bettaney, who was convicted in 1984 of trying to pass British secrets to the Soviet Union. Ironically, Bettaney had himself been betrayed by a KGB officer working for MI6. Maze is a prison film about the IRA Maze prison escape of 38 Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) prisoners Of course any advances in the cause of equal political representation between men and women is something that deserves celebration – but spare a thought for the handful of Cumann na mBan women who died for that same cause, but who are now largely forgotten. Cumann na mBan: a military force? Cumann na mBan marching in uniform.During two years of research and a lifetime of interest, the following 10 books were the ones that taught me the most about the politics, the history and most importantly the people of that time. The provisional period for "Provisional" Sinn Féin ended at an ard fheis in October 1970, when the Caretaker Executive was dissolved and an Ard Chomhairle was elected, with Ruairí Ó Brádaigh becoming president of Sinn Féin. [61] Tomás Mac Giolla, president of the pre-split Sinn Féin since 1962, [62] continued as president of Official Sinn Féin. [63] CAIN: Select and Crosstabulations: "Geographical Location: Britain", "Organisation" and "Status" as variables. Andrew Sanders; F. Stuart Ross (2020). "The Canadian Dimension to the Northern Ireland Conflict". The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies. 43: 201. JSTOR 27041321. By the mid to late 1970s, supply routes for Republican weaponry began to shift to mainland Europe and the Middle East, in particular, Lebanon. Wilson, Steve; Rutherford, Helen; Storey, Tony; Wortley, Natalie; Kotecha, Birju (2020). English Legal System. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198853800.

Dillon, Martin (1996). 25 Years of Terror: The IRA's war against the British. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-40773-0. All levels of the organisation were entitled to send delegates to General Army Conventions. [2] The convention was the IRA's supreme decision-making authority, and was supposed to meet every two years, [2] or every four years following a change to the IRA's constitution in 1986. [n 26] [1] Before 1969 conventions met regularly, but owing to the difficulty in organising such a large gathering of an illegal organisation in secret, [n 27] [267] while the IRA's armed campaign was ongoing they were only held in September 1970, [267] October 1986, [267] and October or November 1996. [187] [268] After the 1997 ceasefire they were held more frequently, and are known to have been held in October 1997, [269] May 1998, [270] December 1998 or early 1999, [271] [272] and June 2002. [273] The convention elected a 12-member Executive, which selected seven members, usually from within the Executive, to form the Army Council. [n 28] [2] [276] Any vacancies on the Executive would then be filled by substitutes previously elected by the convention. [2] For day-to-day purposes, authority was vested in the Army Council which, as well as directing policy and taking major tactical decisions, appointed a chief-of-staff from one of its number or, less often, from outside its ranks. [277] [278] At the same time there were 14,000 regular army soldiers deployed in Northern Ireland, in addition to 8,000 Ulster Defence Regiment soldiers and 6,000 Royal Ulster Constabulary officers. [324] Geraghty, Tony (1998). The Irish War: The Military History of a Domestic Conflict. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-638674-2.

Inside story: Why the IRA never attacked Scotland

Andrew Sanders (20 December 2011). Inside the IRA: Dissident Republicans and the War for Legitimacy. Edinburgh University Press. p.105. ISBN 978-0-7486-8812-8. The [British] FCO noted [in the 1970s] that 'the IRA has also looked to Irish communities elsewhere to obtain cash for its terror campaign of the past four years', also noting the presence of fundraising organisations in Canada and Australia, and an attempt to establish connections in New Zealand. Carlin explained: “The IRA’s unstated position was that there were to be no bombs exploding in Scotland during the armed struggle. Even though loyalists such as the UVF [the loyalist paramilitary terror group, the Ulster Volunteer Force] had bombed Catholic pubs in Glasgow in the 1970s, the IRA would not extend their bombing campaign into any part of Scotland.” The first part of an epic trilogy, Henry Smart’s odyssey through crucial events in Irish history as he finds himself cast alongside its pivotal players, is a masterpiece of modern fiction. Spat into the slum tenements of Dublin then hardened with the rebels headquartered in the city’s General Post Office during the 1916 Easter Rising, Henry runs, kills, cycles and loves his way through revolutionary Ireland until he is forced to flee the very state he has helped to create. If you only ever read one book about Ireland, read this one. Faoleán, Gearóid (2019). A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980. Merrion Press. ISBN 978-1785372452. IRA Volunteer Terry Sullivan (Mills) become disillusioned with a bombing campaign of London during the Second World War.

Dancing with the Goddess and Drawing Down the Moon: A Reading List for Modern Witches October 31, 2023 by Diana Helmuth it deserves. With your contribution, you'll gain access to exclusive newsletters, editors' recommendations, McGuinness then confided in Carlin, telling him: “Well, I don’t know about policy, but it would certainly go against the grain. The Scots were disenfranchised, just the same as the Irish. The English took away their language and killed off their culture, so I think it’s more a principle than a policy.” READ MORE: Sectarian problem that is afflicting Glasgow is still a major blight in Northern Ireland In 2001 the Royal Ulster Constabulary was reformed and renamed the Police Service of Northern Ireland as a result of the Patten Report. [198]The Irish Free State subsequently changed its name to Ireland and in 1949 became a sovereign state fully independent of the United Kingdom. [19] Moreover, it was capable of rapid-fire and fired a high-velocity round which provided great “stopping power”. Originally the AR-18 was designed in 1963 in California, but it was never adopted as the standard service rifle of any nation. See also: Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign and History of Northern Ireland Origins The Proclamation of the Irish Republic, issued during the 1916 Easter Rising against British rule in Ireland The IRA assigns one of its members to aid a Palestinian assassin in his attempt to kill an Israeli scientist in London, while British Intelligence officers attempt to prevent and capture them David A. Wilson (30 May 2022). Canadian Spy Story: Irish Revolutionaries and the Secret Police. McGill–Queen's University Press. p.243. ISBN 9-7802-2801-3617. And so matters stood until the Troubles in Northern Ireland: the civil rights movement of 1967-68, the loyalist reaction, riots in the streets, the entry of the British Army, the emergence of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (ira), and thirty years of a conflict that would result in more than 3,600 deaths and fail to achieve the republican objective of a united Ireland. Under these circumstances, both Irish republicanism and Ulster loyalism would assume a renewed presence in Canadian life, largely hidden from public view but no less significant for that. As in the 1860s, recent immigrants played a dominant but by no means exclusive role in Irish Canadian revolutionary republicanism. As in the 1860s, Irish republican pubs were informal but important meeting places: some of their owners helped to provide shelter for ira men on the run. And as in the 1860s, the key activities of Irish republicans in Canada were fundraising, arms running, and publicizing the cause. Montreal, Toronto, and southern Ontario were focal points, just as they had been for the Fenians.