Salmonia: Or, Days of Fly Fishing

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Prevention requires control measures at all stages of the food chain, from agricultural production, to processing, manufacturing and preparation of foods in both commercial establishments and at home. People taking certain medicines (for example, stomach acid reducers) are at increased risk of infection.

Salmonella is the scientific name for a group of different types of bacteria. There are over 2,500 different strains (subtypes) of Salmonella. Wash your hands thoroughly with running water and soap after touching pets and other animals, or their food, water, poop, belongings (such as toys and bowls), or habitats (such as beds, cages, tanks, coops, stalls, and barns). It is best to have separate cutting boards designated for raw meat and for produce as cleaning may not remove all of the bacteria. Clean your pet’s bed, cage, terrarium, or aquarium and its contents (such as food and water bowls) outdoors. If you must clean your pet’s habitat indoors, use a bathtub or large sink that can be cleaned and disinfected. Avoid using a kitchen sink, if possible. Salmonella is widespread and can be found on a large number of dairy farms and in many species of animals, including mammals, birds, insects, reptiles and humans. It is often an opportunistic bacterium, meaning it infects an animal when its immune system is suppressed, when other competing gut bacteria are absent (common after antibiotic therapy), or when the animal is very young. It also infects healthy animals when they are exposed to high doses.Bruzzese E, Giannattasio A, Guarino A. Antibiotic treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children. F1000Research. 2018;7:193 Most people recover without specific treatment. Antibiotics are typically used only to treat people with severe illness. Patients should drink extra fluids as long as diarrhea lasts. In some cases, diarrhea may be so severe that the person needs to be hospitalized. Diagnosis relies on isolation of the organism from stool cultures or by detection of pathogen-specific nucleic acid. This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In partnership with other stakeholders, WHO is strongly advocating the importance of food safety as an essential element in ensuring access to safe and nutritious diets. WHO is providing policies and recommendations that cover the entire food chain from production to consumption, making use of different types of expertise across different sectors. Gastroenteritis - the infection that Salmonella most commonly causes - can be diagnosed based on symptoms. Food poisoning - of which Salmonella is one cause - is a possibility if you've eaten contaminated food or drunk contaminated water, or if you've recently travelled abroad.Although some of the contaminated meat originated from outside the UK, salmonella infantis has also been found on UK poultry farms, suggesting the strain may have taken hold in this country.

The maternity area should be recognized as a critical area for disease transmission. A rigorous sanitation protocol should be implemented; measures such as early separation of calves from carrier dams and colostrum pasteurization should be considered. Keep in mind that Salmonella is an opportunist. Consequently, the organism is extremely contagious to newborn calves and animals with suppressed immune systems. The latter is often the result of herd stresses, such as hot weather, acidosis or poor nutrition, or the result of individual cow stressors, such as parturition, milk fever, ketosis and diseases, such as BVD. The organism is also very contagious to healthy adult cattle if they are exposed to large doses. Infections may cause: wash your hands with soap after going to the toilet, handling pets and before preparing food. Dry them on a dry towel.Lactose intolerance can sometimes occur for a period of time after food poisoning. This is known as 'secondary' or 'acquired' lactose intolerance. This is more common in children. Salmonella infections are very common. When people mention food poisoning, they’re usually talking about salmonella. Tens of millions of cases are reported around the world every year. You can become dehydrated if you don’t get enough fluids to replace what you lose because of diarrhea. The WHO Five keys to growing safer fruits and vegetables: promoting health by decreasing microbial contamination and the Five keys to safer aquaculture products to protect public health provide rural workers, including small farmers who grow fresh fruits and vegetables and fish for themselves, their families and for sale in local market with key practices to prevent microbial contamination. This will hopefully help to reduce the chance that other people will get food poisoning. You can find your local food standards enforcer from the Food Standards Agency Report a Food Problem.