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Springfield's 375th: From Puritans to presidents". MassLive.com. 9 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2023. As the late scholar Nazid Ahmed writes in the Encyclopedia of Islam, “Akbar was a universal man; he was more than any single group thought of him… (and was) the purest representation of that folk Islam that grew up in Asia after the destruction wrought by the Mongols.” The reign of Aurangzeb The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to rid the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and should become more Protestant. [1] Puritanism played a significant role in English and early American history, especially during the Protectorate.
Robert Woodford was an English lawyer, largely based at Northampton and London. His diary for the period 1637–1641 records in detail the outlook of an educated Puritan. Indian historians position Akbar as the exemplar of a just and tolerant Muslim leader, with popular films like Jodha Akbar even celebrating the love between the Emperor and his Hindu wife. In contrast, Aurangzeb is blamed for his supposed cruelty against non-Muslims, his influences on modern day jihadis , and his role in the collapse of the Mughal empire which set the stage for British colonial rule. a b c Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America. ABC-CLIO. 2006. ISBN 978-1576076781. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018 – via Google Books.Audrey Truschke, historian and associate professor of South Asian history at Rutgers University, notes that Aurangzeb’s puritanical nature was driven by a need to distinguish himself from Dara and was more a by-product of politics, not religion. By the late 1630s, Puritans were in alliance with the growing commercial world, with the parliamentary opposition to the royal prerogative, and with the Scottish Presbyterians with whom they had much in common. Consequently, they became a major political force in England and came to power as a result of the First English Civil War (1642–1646). Almost all Puritan clergy left the Church of England after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the 1662 Uniformity Act. Many continued to practice their faith in nonconformist denominations, especially in Congregationalist and Presbyterian churches. [2] The nature of the movement in England changed radically, although it retained its character for a much longer period in New England. The roots of Puritanism are to be found in the beginnings of the English Reformation. The name “Puritans” (they were sometimes called “precisionists”) was a term of contempt assigned to the movement by its enemies. Although the epithet first emerged in the 1560s, the movement began in the 1530s, when King Henry VIII repudiated papal authority and transformed the Church of Rome into a state Church of England. To Puritans, the Church of England retained too much of the liturgy and ritual of Roman Catholicism.
John Endecott was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and an important military leader. This theological view did not in any way endear the Puritans to James I or most members of the Anglican Church. Moderate Puritans continued to serve in the Church in the early years of James I's reign, but the fundamentalists formed their own congregations and met secretly, especially the so-called separatists who believed one needed to leave the Anglican Church completely to save one's soul. These secret meetings were illegal, and when a congregation was discovered, its members were persecuted. The Great Migration
Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Puritanism broadly refers to a diverse religious reform movement in Britain committed to the Continental Reformed tradition. [47] While Puritans did not agree on all doctrinal points, most shared similar views on the nature of God, human sinfulness, and the relationship between God and mankind. They believed that all of their beliefs should be based on the Bible, which they considered to be divinely inspired. [48] Puritan millennialism has been placed in the broader context of European Reformed beliefs about the millennium and interpretation of biblical prophecy, for which representative figures of the period were Johannes Piscator, Thomas Brightman, Joseph Mede, Johannes Heinrich Alsted, and John Amos Comenius. [92] Like most English Protestants of the time, Puritans based their eschatological views on an historicist interpretation of the Book of Revelation and the Book of Daniel. Protestant theologians identified the sequential phases the world must pass through before the Last Judgment could occur and tended to place their own time period near the end. It was expected that tribulation and persecution would increase but eventually the church's enemies—the Antichrist (identified with the Roman Catholic Church) and the Ottoman Empire—would be defeated. [93] Based on Revelation 20, it was believed that a thousand-year period (the millennium) would occur, during which the saints would rule with Christ on earth. [94] The term 'Puritan' was hardly complimentary & its initial use would correspond to calling someone 'high-strung' or 'uptight' in the present day.
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