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Levin, Alan and Pete Eisler. "Many decisions led to failed levees." USA Today. Nov. 3, 2005. (Aug. 1, 2008)http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-11-03-levees-failure_x.htm McPhee, John (23 February 1987). "The Control of Nature: Atchafalaya". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011. Republished in McPhee, John (1989). The Control of Nature. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p.272. ISBN 0-374-12890-1. Both natural and man-made levees can fail in a number of ways. Factors that cause levee failure include overtopping, erosion, structural failures, and levee saturation. The most frequent (and dangerous) is a levee breach. Here, a part of the levee actually breaks or is eroded away, leaving a large opening for water to flood land otherwise protected by the levee. A breach can be a sudden or gradual failure, caused either by surface erosion or by subsurface weakness in the levee. A breach can leave a fan-shaped deposit of sediment radiating away from the breach, described as a crevasse splay. In natural levees, once a breach has occurred, the gap in the levee will remain until it is again filled in by levee building processes. This increases the chances of future breaches occurring in the same location. Breaches can be the location of meander cutoffs if the river flow direction is permanently diverted through the gap. Indus River Valley Civilizations". History-world.org. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2008. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link)
In parts of Britain, particularly Scotland and Northern England, a dyke may be a field wall, generally made with dry stone. Le Lever, engraving by Louis Romanet (1742–1810), after Sigmund Freudenberg (1745-1801) Grand lever [ edit ] The crowd in the chambre du Roi can be estimated from Saint-Simon's remark of the King's devotions, which followed: the King knelt at his bedside "where all the clergy present knelt, the cardinals without cushions, all the laity remaining standing".
By the second half of the sixteenth century, it had become a formal event, requiring invitation. [3] In 1563 Catherine de' Medici wrote in advice to her son, the King of France, to do as his father ( Henry II) had done and uphold the practice of lever. Catherine describes that Henry II allowed his subjects, from nobles to household servants, to come in while he dressed. She states this pleased his subjects and improved their opinion of him. [4] English–Arabic English–Bengali English–Catalan English–Czech English–Danish English–Hindi English–Korean English–Malay English–Marathi English–Russian English–Tamil English–Telugu English–Thai English–Turkish English–Ukrainian English–Vietnamese Henry Petroski (2006). "Levees and Other Raised Ground". American Scientist. 94 (1): 7–11. doi: 10.1511/2006.57.7.
People have been building and reinforcing levees since the beginning of civilization. As early as 2500 B.C.E., the Indus Valley Civilization, with urban centers in what is today Mohenjo Daro and Harappa, Pakistan, used levees to protect land near the Indus River. Farmers were able to grow crops like cotton and rice. The Mississippi levee system represents one of the largest such systems found anywhere in the world. It comprises over 5,600km (3,500mi) of levees extending some 1,000km (620mi) along the Mississippi, stretching from Cape Girardeau, Missouri, to the Mississippi delta. They were begun by French settlers in Louisiana in the 18th century to protect the city of New Orleans. [14] The first Louisiana levees were about 90cm (3ft) high and covered a distance of about 80km (50mi) along the riverside. [14] The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in conjunction with the Mississippi River Commission, extended the levee system beginning in 1882 to cover the riverbanks from Cairo, Illinois to the mouth of the Mississippi delta in Louisiana. [14] By the mid-1980s, they had reached their present extent and averaged 7.3m (24ft) in height; some Mississippi levees are as high as 15m (50ft). The Mississippi levees also include some of the longest continuous individual levees in the world. One such levee extends southwards from Pine Bluff, Arkansas, for a distance of some 610km (380mi). The scope and scale of the Mississippi levees has often been compared to the Great Wall of China. [15]levee". Oxford English Dictionary (Onlineed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) 1718–1720: "Dumont Plan, New Orleans" [map label]. Shown in Justin Winsor, (1895) The Mississippi basin: The struggle in America between England and France 1697–1763. Boston; New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company ISBN 0833747223. 1770: "The town [New Orleans] is secured from the inundations of the river by a raised bank, generally called the Levée." Philip Pittman, The Present State of the European Settlements on the Mississippi; with a geographical description of that river. London The river is on its floodplain with a very low gradient close gradient Another word for steepness. On a graph, the gradient is defined as being the change in the 'y' value divided by the change in the 'x' value. It defines how steep a line is.. To prepare a foundation for a levee, a crew must clear and grub the area. Most levees will also require some degree of stripping. These steps are the minimum required to construct a levee foundation.
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