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The CDC states that avoiding crowded indoor spaces reduces the risk of COVID-19 infection. [227] When indoors, increasing the rate of air change, decreasing recirculation of air and increasing the use of outdoor air can reduce transmission. [227] [228] The WHO recommends ventilation and air filtration in public spaces to help clear out infectious aerosols. [229] [230] [231] Men with untreated hypogonadism were 2.4 times more likely than men with eugonadism to be hospitalised if they contracted COVID-19; Hypogonad men treated with testosterone were less likely to be hospitalised for COVID-19 than men who were not treated for hypogonadism. [303] Genetic risk factors In the week ending 20 October 2023 (Week 42), 10,388 deaths were registered in England and Wales; 304 of these deaths mentioned novel coronavirus (COVID-19), accounting for 2.9% of all deaths. CDC (11 February 2020). "Post-COVID Conditions". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . Retrieved 12 July 2021.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK Interactive map - Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK

Infectivity can begin four to five days before the onset of symptoms. [84] Infected people can spread the disease even if they are pre-symptomatic or asymptomatic. [85] Most commonly, the peak viral load in upper respiratory tract samples occurs close to the time of symptom onset and declines after the first week after symptoms begin. [85] Current evidence suggests a duration of viral shedding and the period of infectiousness of up to ten days following symptom onset for people with mild to moderate COVID-19, and up to 20 days for persons with severe COVID-19, including immunocompromised people. [86] [85] In September 2020, the WHO released updated guidance on using corticosteroids for COVID‑19. [495] [496] The WHO recommends systemic corticosteroids rather than no systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of people with severe and critical COVID‑19 (strong recommendation, based on moderate certainty evidence). [495] The WHO suggests not to use corticosteroids in the treatment of people with non-severe COVID‑19 (conditional recommendation, based on low certainty evidence). [495] The updated guidance was based on a meta-analysis of clinical trials of critically ill COVID‑19 patients. [497] [498] The COVID‑19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the spread of COVID‑19 and reducing the severity and death caused by COVID‑19. [199] [202] According to a June 2022 study, COVID‑19 vaccines prevented an additional 14.4 to 19.8 million deaths in 185 countries and territories from 8 December 2020 to 8 December 2021. [203] [204] Many countries implemented phased distribution plans that prioritized those at highest risk of complications, such as the elderly, and those at high risk of exposure and transmission, such as healthcare workers. [205] [206]

Risk of death following COVID-19 vaccination or positive SARS-CoV-2 test in young people, England: 8 December 2020 to 25 May 2022 Gorzalski AJ, Tian H, Laverdure C, Morzunov S, Verma SC, VanHooser S, etal. (August 2020). "High-Throughput Transcription-mediated amplification on the Hologic Panther is a highly sensitive method of detection for SARS-CoV-2". Journal of Clinical Virology. 129: 104501. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104501. PMC 7286273. PMID 32619959. Confirmed cases and deaths, which are widely considered to be an undercount of the true toll, are counts of individuals whose coronavirus infections were confirmed by a molecular laboratory test. Probable cases and deaths count individuals who meet criteria for other types of testing, symptoms and exposure, as developed by national and local governments. Press Release: Bridge Access Program to Ensure Free COVID-19 Vaccination for Uninsured and Underinsured Adults

Coronavirus (COVID-19) - Office for National Statistics Coronavirus (COVID-19) - Office for National Statistics

The Wuhan Municipal Health Commission made the first public announcement of a pneumonia outbreak of unknown cause on 31 December, confirming 27 cases [433] [434] [435]–enough to trigger an investigation. [436]In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the Solidarity trial to assess the treatment effects of some promising drugs: an experimental drug called remdesivir; anti-malarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine; two anti-HIV drugs, lopinavir/ritonavir; and interferon-beta. [485] [486] More than 300 active clinical trials are underway as of April 2020. [68] The Times has identified reporting anomalies or methodology changes in the data. More about reporting anomalies or changes RT-PCR testing of untreated wastewater samples from Brazil and Italy have suggested detection of SARS-CoV-2 as early as November and December 2019, respectively, but the methods of such sewage studies have not been optimised, many have not been peer-reviewed, details are often missing, and there is a risk of false positives due to contamination or if only one gene target is detected. [449] A September 2020 review journal article said, "The possibility that the COVID‑19 infection had already spread to Europe at the end of last year is now indicated by abundant, even if partially circumstantial, evidence", including pneumonia case numbers and radiology in France and Italy in November and December. [450]

COVID-19 - NHS

Saniasiaya J, Islam MA (April 2021). "Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Meta-analysis of 27,492 Patients". The Laryngoscope. 131 (4): 865–878. doi: 10.1002/lary.29286. ISSN 0023-852X. PMC 7753439. PMID 33219539. Highly effective vaccines have reduced mortality related to SARS-CoV-2; however, for those awaiting vaccination, as well as for the estimated millions of immunocompromised persons who are unlikely to respond robustly to vaccination, treatment remains important. [261] The cornerstone of management of COVID-19 has been supportive care, which includes treatment to relieve symptoms, fluid therapy, oxygen support and prone positioning as needed, and medications or devices to support other affected vital organs. [262] [263] [264]Estimates of the links between work-limiting ill health, demographic and labour market changes, and recent rises in economic inactivity, using Annual Population Survey data. Experimental Statistics. Oran DP, Topol EJ (September 2020). "Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Narrative Review". Annals of Internal Medicine. 173 (5): 362–367. doi: 10.7326/M20-3012. PMC 7281624. PMID 32491919. Symptoms consistent with influenza-like illness in those who tested negative for COVID-19 in England: Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey, UK As of 1October2021 [update], Reuters reported that it had estimated the worldwide total number of deaths due to COVID‑19 to have exceeded five million. [451]