Iwisa Maize Meal Super, 1 kg

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Fuel Ethanol Plants – Thermal Kinetics Engineering, PLLC". Thermal Kinetics Engineering, PLLC . Retrieved July 7, 2017. Feed maize" is being used increasingly for heating; [151] specialized corn stoves (similar to wood stoves) are available and use either feed maize or wood pellets to generate heat. Maize cobs are also used as a biomass fuel source. Maize is relatively cheap and home-heating furnaces have been developed which use maize kernels as a fuel. They feature a large hopper that feeds the uniformly sized maize kernels (or wood pellets or cherry pits) into the fire. [ citation needed]

a b Chopra, S; Cocciolone, SM; Bushman, S; Sangar, V; McMullen, MD; Peterson, T (2003). "The maize unstable factor for orange1 is a dominant epigenetic modifier of a tissue specifically silent allele of pericarp color1". Genetics. 163 (3): 1135–1146. doi: 10.1093/genetics/163.3.1135. PMC 1462483. PMID 12663550. Karl, J.R. (January 2002). "Maize is Not Day Neutral; Day Length and Flowering" (PDF). The Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter. 89: e7. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2017 . Retrieved September 6, 2015. This recombination/diversity effect is seen throughout plants but is also found to not occur – or not as strongly – in regions of high gene density. This is likely the reason that domesticated Z. mays has not seen as much of an increase in diversity within areas of higher density as in regions of lower density, although there is more evidence in other plants. [92] Mann, Charles C. (July 2011). "Cotton (or Anchovies) and Maize". 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus (2nded.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 225–229. ISBN 978-1-4000-3205-1. Brown, David (November 20, 2009). "Scientists have high hopes for corn genome". The Washington Post.Chodosh, Sara (July 8, 2021). "The bizarre botany that makes corn a fruit, a grain, and also (kind of) a vegetable". Popular Science . Retrieved February 24, 2022. Paliwal, R. L (2000). Tropical maize: Improvement and production. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251044575.

Corncobs can be hollowed out and treated to make inexpensive smoking pipes, first manufactured in the United States in 1869. [ citation needed] Children playing in a maize kernel box Thompson, Janice J.; Manore, Melinda; Vaughan, Linda (January 15, 2016). "Nutrients involved in energy metabolism". The Science of Nutrition. Pearson Education. pp.292–321. ISBN 978-0-13-429880-1. Also ISBN 978-0-321-64316-2. Grontol – traditional meal from Central Java area of Indonesia made from boiled corn kernels that have been soaked overnight, and mixed with steamed grated coconut. Because of its shallow roots, maize is susceptible to droughts, intolerant of nutrient-deficient soils, and prone to be uprooted by severe winds. [68] World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021. Rome: FAO. 2021. doi: 10.4060/cb4477en. ISBN 978-92-5-134332-6. S2CID 240163091.Dillehay, Tom D.; Pino Quivira, Mario; Bonzani, Renée; Silva, Claudia; Wallner, Johannes; Le Quesne, Carlos (2007). "Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change" (PDF). Antiquity. 81 (314): 949–960. doi: 10.1017/s0003598x00096034. S2CID 59480757. The centromeres have two types of structural components, both of which are found only in the centromeres: Large arrays of CentC, a short satellite DNA; and a few of a family of retrotransposons. The B chromosome, unlike the others, contains an additional repeat which extends into neighboring areas of the chromosome. Centromeres can accidentally shrink during division and still function, although it is thought this will fail if it shrinks below a few hundred kilobase. Kinetochores contain RNA originating from centromeres. Centromere regions can become inactive, and can continue in that state if the chromosome still has another active one. [83] In the late 1930s, Paul Mangelsdorf suggested that domesticated maize was the result of a hybridization event between an unknown wild maize and a species of Tripsacum, a related genus. This theory about the origin of maize has been refuted by modern genetic testing, which refutes Mangelsdorf's model and the fourth listed above. [109] :40 Matsuoka, Yoshihiro (January 22, 2003). "Earliest Directional Evolution for Microsatellite Size in Maize" (PDF). Science . Retrieved March 3, 2014. Pagán-Jiménez, Jaime R.; Guachamín-Tello, Ana M.; Romero-Bastidas, Martha E.; Constantine-Castro, Angelo R. (June 2016). "Late ninth millennium B.P. use of Zea mays L. at Cubilán area, highland Ecuador, revealed by ancient starches". Quaternary International. 404: 137–155. Bibcode: 2016QuInt.404..137P. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.025.

As maize was introduced to new cultures, new uses were developed and new varieties selected to better serve in those preparations. Maize was the staple food, or a major staple – along with squash, Andean region potato, quinoa, beans, and amaranth – of most pre-Columbian North American, Mesoamerican, South American, and Caribbean cultures. The Mesoamerican civilization, in particular, was deeply interrelated with maize. Its traditions and rituals involved all aspects of maize cultivation – from the planting to the food preparation. Maize formed the Mesoamerican people's identity. [ citation needed] Since the 1940s, the best strains of maize have been first-generation hybrids made from inbred strains that have been optimized for specific traits, such as yield, nutrition, drought, pest and disease tolerance. Both conventional cross-breeding and genetic engineering have succeeded in increasing output and reducing the need for cropland, pesticides, water and fertilizer. [94] There is conflicting evidence to support the hypothesis that maize yield potential has increased over the past few decades. This suggests that changes in yield potential are associated with leaf angle, lodging resistance, tolerance of high plant density, disease/pest tolerance, and other agronomic traits rather than increase of yield potential per individual plant. [95]a b c Matsuoka, Y.; Vigouroux, Y.; Goodman, M. M.; etal. (2002). "A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (9): 6080–4. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...99.6080M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.052125199. PMC 122905. PMID 11983901. Maize is a diploid with 20 chromosomes (n=10). The combined length of the chromosomes is 1500 cM. Some of the maize chromosomes have what are known as "chromosomal knobs": highly repetitive heterochromatic domains that stain darkly. Individual knobs are polymorphic among strains of both maize and teosinte. [ citation needed] A 2012 study found that 83% of allelic variation within the genome derives from its teosinte ancestors, primarily due to the freedom of Zeas to outcross. [81] Maize ( / m eɪ z/ MAYZ; Zea mays subsp. mays, from Spanish: maíz after Taino: mahis [2]), also known as corn in North American and Australian English, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. [3] [4] The leafy stalk of the plant gives rise to inflorescences (or "tassels") which produce pollen and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that when fertilized yield kernels or seeds, which are botanical fruits. [5] [6] The term maize is preferred in formal, scientific, and international usage as the common name because it refers specifically to this one grain whereas corn refers to any principal cereal crop cultivated in a country. For example, in North America and Australia corn is often used for maize, but in England and Wales it can refer to wheat or barley, and in Scotland and Ireland to oats. Maize is used as a fish bait, called "dough balls". It is particularly popular in Europe for coarse fishing. [ citation needed] Rebecca Earle, The Body of the Conquistador: Food, Race, and the Colonial Experience in Spanish America, 1492–1700. New York: Cambridge University Press 2012, pp. 17, 151.

This system has been replaced (though not entirely displaced) over the last 60 years by multivariable classifications based on ever more data. Agronomic data were supplemented by botanical traits for a robust initial classification, then genetic, cytological, protein and DNA evidence was added. Now, the categories are forms (little used), races, racial complexes, and recently branches. [ citation needed] Maize pollen dated to 7,300 B.P. from San Andres, Tabasco, on the Caribbean coast has also been recovered. [114] Jaina Island ceramic statuette of the young Maya Maize God emerging from an ear of corn, 600–900 A.D.Corn rootworms ( Diabrotica spp) including Western corn rootworm ( Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte), Northern corn rootworm ( D. barberi or D. longicornis) and Southern corn rootworm ( D. undecimpunctata howardi) ISAAA Biotech Maize Update 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 24, 2013 . Retrieved October 6, 2014. Dolores Piperno, The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and New Developments [14] Maize has been an essential crop in the Andes since the pre-Columbian era. The Moche culture from Northern Peru made ceramics from earth, water, and fire. This pottery was a sacred substance, formed in significant shapes and used to represent important themes. Maize was represented anthropomorphically as well as naturally. [175]