Horse Anatomy for Performance

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Horses are frequently used in television, films and literature. They are sometimes featured as a major character in films about particular animals, but also used as visual elements that assure the accuracy of historical stories. [212] Both live horses and iconic images of horses are used in advertising to promote a variety of products. [213] The horse frequently appears in coats of arms in heraldry, in a variety of poses and equipment. [214] The mythologies of many cultures, including Greco-Roman, Hindu, Islamic, and Germanic, include references to both normal horses and those with wings or additional limbs, and multiple myths also call upon the horse to draw the chariots of the Moon and Sun. [215] The horse also appears in the 12-year cycle of animals in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. [216]

The internal surface of the hoof wall is concave and consists of thin primary epidermal lamellae. I will show you the different structures from a horse hoof. Horses are raw material for many products made by humans throughout history, including byproducts from the slaughter of horses as well as materials collected from living horses.

Ancient DNA rules out archeologists' best bet for horse domestication". ArsTechnica. February 25, 2018. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020 . Retrieved 24 June 2020. The tarpan or European wild horse ( Equus ferus ferus) was found in Europe and much of Asia. It survived into the historical era, but became extinct in 1909, when the last captive died in a Russian zoo. [142] Thus, the genetic line was lost. Attempts have been made to recreate the tarpan, [142] [143] [144] which resulted in horses with outward physical similarities, but nonetheless descended from domesticated ancestors and not true wild horses.

History of Thoroughbreds". Britishhorseracing.com. British Horseracing Authority. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01 . Retrieved 2008-04-03. Horses exhibit a diverse array of coat colors and distinctive markings, described by a specialized vocabulary. Often, a horse is classified first by its coat color, before breed or sex. [42] Horses of the same color may be distinguished from one another by white markings, [43] which, along with various spotting patterns, are inherited separately from coat color. [44]McBane, Susan (1992). A Natural Approach to Horse Management. London: Methuen. pp.226–228. ISBN 0-413-62370-X. OCLC 26359746. Essentials of Clinical Anatomy of the Equine Locomotor System 2019. Edited by Jean- Marie Denoix, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Studies have indicated that horses perform a number of cognitive tasks on a daily basis, meeting mental challenges that include food procurement and identification of individuals within a social system. They also have good spatial discrimination abilities. [96] They are naturally curious and apt to investigate things they have not seen before. [97] Studies have assessed equine intelligence in areas such as problem solving, speed of learning, and memory. Horses excel at simple learning, but also are able to use more advanced cognitive abilities that involve categorization and concept learning. They can learn using habituation, desensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning, and positive and negative reinforcement. [96] One study has indicated that horses can differentiate between "more or less" if the quantity involved is less than four. [98] McDonnell, Sue (June 1, 2007). "In Living Color". The Horse. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27 . Retrieved 2007-07-27. Domestication is also studied by using the genetic material of present-day horses and comparing it with the genetic material present in the bones and teeth of horse remains found in archaeological and palaeological excavations. The variation in the genetic material shows that very few wild stallions contributed to the domestic horse, [160] [161] while many mares were part of early domesticated herds. [148] [162] [163] This is reflected in the difference in genetic variation between the DNA that is passed on along the paternal, or sire line ( Y-chromosome) versus that passed on along the maternal, or dam line ( mitochondrial DNA). There are very low levels of Y-chromosome variability, [160] [161] but a great deal of genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA. [148] [162] [163] There is also regional variation in mitochondrial DNA due to the inclusion of wild mares in domestic herds. [148] [162] [163] [164] Another characteristic of domestication is an increase in coat color variation. [165] In horses, this increased dramatically between 5000 and 3000 BCE. [166] Interosseous ligaments: connect the cannon bone to each splint bone. Injury to this ligament produces the condition known as " splints".Horses are trained to be ridden or driven in a variety of sporting competitions. Examples include show jumping, dressage, three-day eventing, competitive driving, endurance riding, gymkhana, rodeos, and fox hunting. [191] Horse shows, which have their origins in medieval European fairs, are held around the world. They host a huge range of classes, covering all of the mounted and harness disciplines, as well as "In-hand" classes where the horses are led, rather than ridden, to be evaluated on their conformation. The method of judging varies with the discipline, but winning usually depends on style and ability of both horse and rider. [192] Hedge, Juliet; Don M. Wagoner (2004). Horse Conformation: Structure, Soundness and Performance. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. pp.307–308. ISBN 1-59228-487-6. OCLC 56012597. There are 18 pairs of ribs in a horse (the first eight pairs are sternal, and the rest ten pairs are asternal ribs).

You will find many peculiar characteristics in the horse anatomy digestive system. I will provide some peculiar anatomical features from the horse’s digestive system. Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (2002). Horses (Second Americaned.). New York: Dorling Kindersley. pp.32–34. ISBN 0-7894-8982-1. OCLC 50798049. Stretching of capsules and ligaments, including the nuchal bursae, can help to increase tolerance to pressure and suppleness of the unit being stretched ⁵. References

a b c d Lira, Jaime; etal. (2010). "Ancient DNA reveals traces of Iberian Neolithic and Bronze Age lineages in modern Iberian horses" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 19 (1): 64–78. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04430.x. PMID 19943892. S2CID 1376591. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-10 . Retrieved 2018-04-20.