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Most typewriters use a QWERTZ keyboard with Polish letters (with diacritical marks) accessed directly (officially approved as "Typist's keyboard", Polish: klawiatura maszynistki, Polish Standard PN-87), which is mainly ignored in Poland as impractical (custom-made keyboards, e.g., those in the public sector as well as some Apple computers, present an exception to this paradigm); the "Polish programmer's" ( Polish: polski programisty) layout has become the de facto standard, used on virtually all computers sold on the Polish market. The E00 key (left of 1) with AltGr provides either vertical bar | ( OS/2's UK166 keyboard layout, Linux/ X11 UK keyboard layout) or broken bar ¦ ( Microsoft Windows UK/Ireland keyboard layout)
cedilla (e.g. ç) under c is generated by AltGr+ C, and the capital letter (Ç) is produced by AltGr+ ⇧ Shift+ CTwo keyboard layout that are based on Qwerty are used in Arabic-speaking countries. Microsoft designate them as Arabic (101) and Arabic (102). Alternating hands while typing is a desirable trait in a keyboard design. While one hand types a letter, the other hand can prepare to type the next letter, making the process faster and more efficient. In the QWERTY layout many more words can be spelled using only the left hand than the right hand. In fact, thousands of English words can be spelled using only the left hand, while only a couple of hundred words can be typed using only the right hand [10] (the three most frequent letters in the English language, E T A, are all typed with the left hand). In addition, more typing strokes are done with the left hand in the QWERTY layout. This is helpful for left- handed people but disadvantageous for right-handed people. For other French keyboard layouts, see AZERTY. A simplified Canadian French keyboard layout. A fully standard keyboard has significantly more symbols. [27]
Minor changes to the arrangement are made for other languages. There are a large number of different keyboard layouts used for different languages written in Latin script. They can be divided into three main families according to where the Q, A, Z, M, and Y keys are placed on the keyboard. These are usually named after the first six letters, for example this QWERTY layout and the AZERTY layout.Multilingual keyboard layouts, unlike the default layouts supplied for one language and market, try to make it possible for the user to type in any of several languages using the same number of keys. Mostly this is done by adding a further virtual layer in addition to the ⇧ Shift-key by means of AltGr (or 'right Alt' reused as such), which contains a further repertoire of symbols and diacritics used by the desired languages. These combinations are intended to be mnemonic and designed to be easy to remember: the circumflex accent (e.g. â) is similar to the free-standing circumflex (caret) ( Newer Apple "British" keyboards use a layout that is relatively unlike either the US or traditional UK keyboard. It uses an elongated return key, a shortened left ⇧ Shift with ` and ~ in the newly created position, and in the upper left of the keyboard are § and ± instead of the traditional EBCDIC codes. The middle-row key that fits inside the return key has \ and Pipe symbol. In this layout, the grave accent key ( `¦) becomes, as it also does in the US International layout, a dead key modifying the character generated by the next key pressed. The apostrophe, double-quote, tilde and circumflex ( caret) keys are not changed, becoming dead keys only when 'shifted' with AltGr. Additional precomposed characters are also obtained by shifting the 'normal' key using the AltGr key. The extended keyboard is software installed from the Windows control panel, and the extended characters are not normally engraved on keyboards. Further information: British and American keyboards United Kingdom and Ireland (except Mac) keyboard layout United Kingdom Keyboard layout for Linux
The QWERTY layout became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878, the first typewriter to include both upper and lower case letters, using a ⇧ Shift key. One popular but possibly apocryphal [2] :162 explanation for the QWERTY arrangement is that it was designed to reduce the likelihood of internal clashing of typebars by placing commonly used combinations of letters farther from each other inside the machine. [5] Differences from modern layout Substituting characters Christopher Latham Sholes's 1878 QWERTY keyboard layout
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The Norwegian keyboard largely resembles the Swedish layout, but the Ö and Ä are replaced with Ø and Æ. The Danish keyboard is also similar, but it has the Ø and Æ swapped. On some systems, the Swedish or Finnish keyboard may allow typing Ø/ø and Æ/æ by holding the AltGr or ⌥ Option key while striking Ö and Ä, respectively. The first model constructed by Sholes used a piano-like keyboard with two rows of characters arranged alphabetically as shown below: [1] - 3 5 7 9 N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
From Windows XP SP2 onwards, Microsoft has included a variant of the British QWERTY keyboard (the "United Kingdom Extended" keyboard layout) that can additionally generate several diacritical marks. This supports input on a standard physical UK keyboard for many languages without changing positions of frequently used keys, which is useful when working with text in Welsh, Scots Gaelic and Irish — languages native to parts of the UK ( Wales, parts of Scotland and Northern Ireland respectively). In the era of mechanical typewriters, combined characters such as é and õ were created by the use of dead keys for the diacritics ( ′, ~), which did not move the paper forward. Thus the ′ and e would be printed at the same location on the paper, creating é. The AltGr and letter method used for acutes and cedillas does not work for applications which assign shortcut menu functions to these key combinations. On most keyboards, € is marked as Alt Gr + E and not Alt Gr + 5 as shown in the image. However, in some keyboards, € is found marked twice. An alternative version exists, supporting all of ISO 8859-1. [25] The arrangement of the character input keys and the ⇧ Shift keys contained in this layout is specified in the US national standard ANSI- INCITS 154-1988 (R1999) (formerly ANSI X3.154-1988 (R1999)), [18] where this layout is called " ASCII keyboard". The complete US keyboard layout, as it is usually found, also contains the usual function keys in accordance with the international standard ISO/IEC 9995-2, although this is not explicitly required by the US American national standard.
In Linux-based systems, the euro symbol is typically mapped to Alt+ 5 instead of Alt+ U, the tilde acts as a normal key, and several accented letters from other European languages are accessible through combinations with left Alt. Polish letters are also accessible by using the Compose key. Software keyboards on touchscreen devices usually make the Polish diacritics available as one of the alternatives which show up after long-pressing the corresponding Latin letter. [34] [35] However, modern predictive text and autocorrection algorithms largely mitigate the need to type them directly on such devices. Main articles: Typewriter and Sholes and Glidden typewriter Keys are arranged on diagonal columns to give space for the levers. The current Romanian National Standard SR 13392:2004 establishes two layouts for Romanian keyboards: a "primary" [37] one and a "secondary" [38] one. There are four Romanian-specific characters that are incorrectly implemented in versions of Microsoft Windows until Vista came out:
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