Powell Rat Bones Green (90 A) 60 mm Wheels (Set of 4)

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Yang, D. Y., Eng, B., Waye, J. S., Dudar, J. C. & Saunders, S. R. Technical note: improved DNA extraction from ancient bones using silica-based spin columns. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 105, 539–543 (1998). They are often found around human populations, as they tend to infest any area that provides food, water, and shelter. The common species are opportunistic survivors and are known as commensals. Geography: Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa (UNIARQ), Faculdade de Letras, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-214, Lisboa, Portugal Audoin-Rouzeau, F. & Vigne, E. T. J.-D. Le rat noir ( Rattus rattus) en Europe Antique et mediévale: les voies du commerce et l’expansion de la peste. Anthropozoologica 25/26, 399–404 (1997). Under the grave east of Fenkenstrain's Castle (requires partial completion of Creature of Fenkenstrain), manhole east of Taverley POH or mouse experiments (requires partial completion of Grim Tales).

Next, we applied f 4(norvegicus, Roman; Byzantine/medieval1, Byzantine/medieval2) to test if there were any differences in the relative contribution of Roman rat ancestry into the Byzantine or medieval populations. In agreement with the phylogenetic and MDS analysis, most northern groups were significantly more closely related to the Roman rat populations compared to the Byzantine or more recent southern groups (SML, MDT, Ass). The lone exception to this pattern were two post-medieval samples from Buda Castle (BUD001/4), which were equally related to the Roman groups and the Assos (Ass) group that consists of two samples from Byzantine Turkey (Supplementary Data 4). Among the northern groups, the medieval rats from Åland (Finland), the UK, and the Netherlands, as well as Byzantine rats from Serbia, were more closely related to the Roman rat populations than were medieval rats from central Europe (represented by populations in Germany, Czech Republic, and Hungary). This suggests that the genetic contribution from putatively western European Roman rats, was also greater in the local western European medieval rats.

Boivin, N. L. et al. Ecological consequences of human niche construction: Examining long-term anthropogenic shaping of global species distributions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 6388–6396 (2016).

We called the pseudo-haploid genotypes in autosomal regions, from all modern and ancient individuals using ANGSD 0.931 117, with parameter “-doHaploCall 1” to randomly sample one base. As the 18 longest autosomal scaffolds covered >99% of the autosomal assembly, we only called genotypes on the non-repetitive regions of these 18 scaffolds. We applied “-remove_bads 1 -uniqueOnly 1 -minMapQ 30 -minQ 30 -C 50 -baq 1” parameters to filter out reads that had multiple hits, with mapping quality or base quality less than 30, perform base alignment quality (BAQ) computation and adjust mapping quality based for excessive mismatches 118. To remove the deamination-induced damages in ancient DNA molecules, we only kept the transversion variants for downstream analysis. The genotypes on single-copied male-specific Y-chromosome regions (scpMSY) were called from all male individuals using ANGSD 0.931, with the same filters as autosomal genotyping, and -doHaploCall 2 to get the major call. The detailed information of scpMSY regions identification was provided in Supplementary Note 1. Vigne, J.-D. & Valladas, H. È. Small mammal fossil assemblages as indicators of environmental change in Northern Corsica during the last 2500 years. J. Archaeol. Sci. 23, 199–215 (1996).A precise date for the arrival of the rat helps us to fully understand both the history of human settlement and the past and present ecological impacts of kiore on native fauna and flora. It also allows the human settlement of New Zealand to be placed more accurately in the context of the broader settlement pattern of East Polynesia” Dr Wilmshurst said. Niethammer, V. J. Zur Taxonomie und Ausbreitungsgeschichte der Hausratte ( Rattus rattus). Zool. Anz. Jena 194, 405–415 (1975). Streng T, Santti R, Talo A. Similarities and differences in female and male rat voiding. Neurourol Urodyn. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10004. Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland