TRRE@ Solid wood high stool High stool Pakistani chairs Simple modern bar stool (Color : C)

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Guerrant Rl, Kosek M, Lima AA, Lorentz B, Guyatt HL. Updating the DALYs for diarrhoeal disease. Trends Parasitol: 2002; 18: 281.

When all clinical and laboratory parameters that were significantly associated with positive stool cultures were considered for inclusion in the multivariate logistic model; only younger age [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 0.96, 95% CI: 0.94-0.98], number of unformed stools per day [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 1.05, 95% CI: 1.004-1.09] and low bicarbonate level [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80-0.95] remained significantly associated with positive stool culture, after adjusting for WBC and RBC. Coker AO, Isokpehi RD, Thomas BN, Amisu KO, Obi CL. Human campylobacteriosis in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8(3):237–44 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11927019. [cited 2018 Sep 23]. After going to the toilet (and after changing nappies or helping an older child to go to the toilet).Tate JE, Burton AH, Boschi-Pinto C, Parashar UD. Global, Regional, and National Estimates of Rotavirus Mortality in Children <5 Years of Age, 2000–2013. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(suppl 2):S96–105 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27059362. [cited 2017 Dec 16];. Diarrhea also reduces the absorption of vital nutrients, and is a leading contributor to malnutrition in children under 5. Rotavirus A infections commonly present during the winter months in temperate climates. However, in most tropical areas RVA causes enteritis throughout the year without seasonal variation [ 45]. Pakistan is located in the temperate zone (between latitudes 25° and 36° N) with extreme temperature variations. In the present study RVA infection was present throughout the year with increasing frequency of RVA positive cases in winter. The results of present study are similar to previous studies reported in Pakistan with RVA predominance throughout the year [ 33, 34, 35, 38]. The same seasonal pattern was reported in Bangladesh, India and Thailand [ 46, 47, 48]. Koh, H.; Baek, S.Y.; Shin, J.I.; Chung, K.S.; Jee, Y.M. Coinfection of viral agents in Korean children with acute watery diarrhea. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2008, 23, 937–940. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version]

Soofi SB, Habib MA, von Seidlein L, Khan MJ, Muhammad S, Bhutto N, et al. A comparison of disease caused by Shigella and Campylobacter species: 24 months community based surveillance in 4 slums of Karachi, Pakistan. J Infect Public Health. 2011;4(1):12–21 Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034110000791. [cited 2018 Sep 23]. Hussain I, Shahid Mahmood M, Akhtar M, Khan A. Prevalence of Campylobacter species in meat, milk and other food commodities in Pakistan. Food Microbiol. 2007;24(3):219–22 Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0740002006001109. [cited 2018 Sep 23]. If the frequency rises to twice the number of normal stools, it is considered diarrhea for young infants. Although both treatable and preventable, diarrhea is the cause of death for 2195 children daily around the world, which is more than malaria, AIDS, and measles combined. Sanaei Dashti, A.; Ghahremani, P.; Hashempoor, T.; Karimi, A. Molecular epidemiology of enteric adenovirus gastroenteritis in under-five-year-old children in Iran. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2016, 2016, 2045697. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version] Sometimes a child may need to be admitted to hospital for treatment if they are dehydrated. Treatment in hospital usually involves giving rehydration solution via a special tube called a 'nasogastric tube'. This tube passes through your child's nose, down their throat and directly into their stomach. An alternative treatment is with fluids given directly into a vein (intravenous fluids). Eat as normally as possible once any dehydration has been treatedGoodman LJ, Trenholme GM, Kaplan RL, Segriti J, Hines D, Petrak R et al. Empiric antimicrobial therapy of domestically acquired acute diarrhoea in urban adults. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 541-6. Zhang, S.; Chen, T.H.; Wang, J.; Dong, C.; Pan, J.; Moe, C.; Chen, W.; Yang, L.; Wang, X.; Tang, H.; et al. Symptomatic and asymptomatic infections of rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus among hospitalized children in Xi’an, China. J. Med. Virol. 2011, 83, 1476–1484. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Price, R.H.M.; Graham, C.; Ramalingam, S. Association between viral seasonality and meteorological factors. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 929. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Swimming in contaminated water can also lead to traveller's diarrhoea. Try to avoid swallowing any water as you swim; teach children to do the same. Obtain travel health advice before you travel

Bines, J.E.; Liem, N.T.; Justice, F.A.; Son, T.N.; Kirkwood, C.D.; De Campo, M.; Barnett, P.; Bishop, R.F.; Robins-Browne, R.; Carlin, J.B.; et al. Risk factors for intussusception in infants in Vietnam and Australia: Adenovirus implicated, but not rotavirus. J. Pediatrics 2006, 149, 452–460.e1. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] If your child is mildly dehydrated, this may be treated by giving them rehydration drinks. A doctor will advise about how much to give. This can depend on the age and the weight of your child. If you are breastfeeding, you should continue with this during this time. It is important that your child be rehydrated before they have any solid food. Siddiqui FM, Akram M, Noureen N, Noreen Z, Bokhari H. Antibiotic susceptibility profiling and virulence potential of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from different sources in Pakistan. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2015;8(3):197–202 Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S199576451460314X. [cited 2018 Sep 23].Sadiq, A.; kwe Yinda, C.; Deboutte, W.; Matthijnssens, J.; Bostan, N. Whole genome analysis of Aichivirus, A.; isolated from a child, suffering from gastroenteritis, in Pakistan. Virus Res. 2021, 299, 198437. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]