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Masson NM, Currie IS, Terrace JD, Garden OJ, Parks RW, Ross JA (2006). "Hepatic progenitor cells in human fetal liver express the oval cell marker Thy-1". Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 291 (1): G45–54. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00465.2005. PMID 16769813. Although CD90 and STRO-1 are broadly used to identify MSCs, neither of them is specific to MSCs [ 20– 22]. STRO-1 is only expressed in a low percentage of MSCs. Some authors also discuss the absence of this marker in MSCs from all tissue sources [ 12, 19, 23], and it remains unclear, in the current literature, whether STRO-1 expression correlates to MSC stemness. On the other hand, CD90 is highly expressed in all MSCs, irrespective of the source, and it is a good marker for CFU-F enrichment [ 24]. High CD90 expression has also been related to the undifferentiated status of MSCs, since a decrease in CD90 level can be correlated with the temporal lineage commitment in vitro [ 25].
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells identified by their plastic-adherence when maintained under standard culture conditions, self-renewability, and differentiation into several mesodermal lineages [ 1– 3]. MSCs are classically able to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondroblasts in vitro [ 4]. Since their initial description as colony-forming cell units present in the bone marrow [ 5], MSCs have been isolated from many tissue sources such as placenta [ 6], dental pulp [ 7], tendons [ 8], scalp tissue [ 9], adipose tissue [ 10], umbilical cord blood [ 11], umbilical cord perivascular cells [ 12], umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly [ 13], synovial membrane [ 2], amniotic fluid [ 14], and breast milk [ 15]. Due to their relatively easy isolation, multi-differentiation potential, low antigenicity, and good proliferation/expansion in cell culture, MSCs are considered ideal candidates for cell-based regenerative therapies [ 16]. Based on the minimal criteria established by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT), human MSCs are identified by a combination of high CD105, CD73, and CD90 expression, and very low/no CD34, CD45, CD11a, CD19, and HLA-DR expression [ 4, 17]. Currently, there is no unique cell marker capable of solely isolating and defining MSCs. The observation that only a subpopulation of plastic-adherence isolated MSCs show multipotency [ 18] has led to a search for an ideal and definitive single MSC marker that would not only be specific to MSC, but would allow direct correlation with stemness [ 19]. Shih DT, Lee D, Chen S, Tsai R, Huang C. Isolation and characterization of neurogenic mesenchymal stem cells in human scalp tissue. Stem Cells. 2005;23:1012–20. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0125. Wang H, Hung S, Peng S, Huang C, Wei H, Guo Y, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells in the Wharton’s jelly of the human umbilical cord. Stem Cells. 2004;22:1330–7. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0013. IRE1 dimerizes/oligomerizes upon ER stress. This leads to its trans-autophosphorylation which in turn induces a conformational change to activate IRE1 endoribonuclease domain (RNase) ( Chevet et al., 2015). The activation of IRE1 RNase triggers two distinct signaling pathways that lead to (i) the non-conventional splicing of the XBP1 mRNA into a novel mRNA encoding a transcription factor XBP1s; and (ii) the degradation of RNA (also called RIDD for regulated IRE1-dependent decay of RNA). XBP1s is a transcription factor that controls the expression of genes involved in protein folding, secretion, ERAD, and lipid synthesis ( Chevet et al., 2015). On the other hand, RIDD targets mRNA, ribosomal RNA and microRNAs. Importantly, the selectivity of IRE1 RNase activity is highly dependent on its oligomerization state; a concept still debated as to its specificity and application ( Chevet et al., 2015). IRE1 activation has also been shown to lead to c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) phosphorylation through either the recruitment of TRAF2 ( Urano et al., 2000) or the cleavage of miR17 ( Lerner et al., 2012). A Key Role of IRE1 in GBM PathologyCD90 (Thy 1) antigen is a GPI linked glycoprotein member of the Immunoglobulin super family. CD90 is expressed in murine T cells, thymocytes, neural cells, Kupffer's cells and fibroblasts. CD90 may play a role in cell-cell or cell-ligand interactions during synaptogenesis and other events in the brain. CD90 can be used as a marker for a variety of stem cells and for the axonal processes of mature neurons. Structural study of CD90 led to the foundation of the Immunoglobulin superfamily, of which it is the smallest member, and led to the first biochemical description and characterization of a vertebrate GPI anchor. Diseases associated with CD90 dysfunction include nasopharyngeal carcinoma and thymoma. Swart GW, Lunter PC, van Kilsdonk JW, van Kempen LC. Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166): signaling at the divide of melanoma cell clustering and cell migration. Cancer Metastasis. 2005;24:223–36. doi: 10.1007/s10555-005-1573-0. The prognostic role of CD90 is dependent on the cancer type. In GBM patients, high expression of CD90 in tumor specimens is associated with invasive features as demonstrated by imaging techniques ( Avril et al., 2017a). These imaging features were previously linked to shorter patients’ survival ( Colen et al., 2014). Therefore, we proposed that CD90 expression could represent a novel stratification tool for screening patients with highly invasive tumors that could be treated with dasatinib, a SFK inhibitor. Moreover, dasatinib could not only impair the adhesion/migration of CD90 high differentiated tumor cells but also the proliferation of CD90 high GSCs, thereby increasing its therapeutic potential in CD90 high tumors ( Avril et al., 2017a). In hepatoblastoma, increased expression of CD90 is significantly correlated with advanced stages of the disease, poor response to treatment and lower overall survival ( Bahnassy et al., 2015). CD90 overexpression was also identified as a poor prognostic marker in acute myeloid leukemia ( Buccisano et al., 2004) and HCC ( Lu et al., 2011). In contrast, CD90 was also shown to exert tumor suppressor functions in several others cancers, as its downregulation is associated with poor prognosis, disease progression in ovarian adenocarcinoma ( Gabra et al., 1996; Abeysinghe et al., 2003), neuroblastoma ( Fiegel et al., 2008) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma predominantly observed in metastatic tumor cells in invaded lymph nodes ( Lung et al., 2005). CD90 inactivation is found associated with hypermethylation of the CD90 gene promoter in CD90 negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines. Furthermore, induction of CD90 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and ovarian cell lines leads to inhibition of tumor growth in vitro and in vivo, respectively ( Abeysinghe et al., 2003; Lung et al., 2005). Overall, these observations illustrate the ambivalence of CD90 functions with either pro- or anti-tumoral properties depending on the cancer type. CD90 Regulates Tumor Migration and Metastasis Lung HL, Cheung AKL, Cheng Y, Kwong FM, Lo PHY, Law EWL, et al. Functional characterization of THY1 as a tumor suppressor gene with antiinvasive activity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2010;127:304–12. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25047.
a b Haeryfar SM, Hoskin DW (2004). "Thy-1: more than a mouse pan-T cell marker". J. Immunol. 173 (6): 3581–8. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3581. PMID 15356100. HCC cells were identified via high throughput microarray assay. Materials and methods Ethics statementHorwitz EM, Le Blanc K, Dominici M, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini FC, et al. Clarification of the nomenclature for MSC: The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy. 2005;7:393–5. doi: 10.1080/14653240500319234. No two CD burning software are alike. Here are some things to look out for when choosing the right CD burner for your needs: MSCs were obtained from dental pulp (DPSC; three donors), amniotic fluid (AF-MSC; two donors), and adipose tissue (ADSC; two donors). The success rate of isolating MSCs from all tissues was 100 %. Cells from all three sources (a total of seven isolates) contained a high number of adherent MSC-like cells which proliferated rapidly in number. Analysis of positive and negative characteristics for human MSC surface antigens by flow cytometry for cultured MSCs showed a high purity (≥97 %) of the cells (Additional file 1: Table S1). Analysis of the CD90 downregulated expression effect in MSCs Barker TH, Grenett HE, MacEwen MW, Tilden SG, Fuller GM, Settleman J, et al. Thy-1 regulates fibroblast focal adhesions, cytoskeletal organization and migration through modulation of p190 RhoGAP and Rho GTPase activity. Exp Cell Res. 2004;295:488–96. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.01.026. DAM, TTS, LFP, JRS, RBA, and DMO contributed to the study design. DAM, TTS, LFP, OAT, PQA, AP-T, LMC, RSB, and DMO contributed substantially to data collection, study execution, and data analysis and interpretation. DAM wrote the first draft of the manuscript; and PQA, RSB, OAT, TTS, LFP, LCM, AP-T, JRS, RBA, and DMO contributed to the preparation of the manuscript and editing. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Competing interests
Williams AF, Gagnon J. Neuronal cell Thy-1 glycoprotein: homology with immunoglobulin. Science. 1982;216:696–703. Thy-1 or CD90 ( Cluster of Differentiation 90) is a 25–37 k Da heavily N-glycosylated, glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored conserved cell surface protein with a single V-like immunoglobulin domain, originally discovered as a thymocyte antigen. Thy-1 can be used as a marker for a variety of stem cells and for the axonal processes of mature neurons. Structural study of Thy-1 led to the foundation of the Immunoglobulin superfamily, of which it is the smallest member, and led to some of the initial biochemical description and characterization of a vertebrate GPI anchor and also the first demonstration of tissue specific differential glycosylation.
Miura M, Gronthos S, Zhao M, Lu B, Fisher LW, Robey PG, et al. SHED: stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:5807–12. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0937635100. Ma L, Pan Q, Sun F, Yu Y, Wang J. Cluster of differentiation 166 (CD166) regulates cluster of differentiation (CD44) via NF-kB in liver cancer cell line Bel-7402. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014;451:334–8. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.128. Agents shown to induce Thy-1 expression include: Thymopoietin, thymosin, prostaglandins, nerve growth factor, IL-1, TNF, PMA, Ca2+ ionophore, and diacylglycerol (DAG). [15] Lv F-J, Tuan R, Cheung K, Leung V. Concise review: The surface markers and identity of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells. 2014;32:1408–19. Jeng CJ, McCarroll SA, Martin TFJ, Floor E, Adams J, Krantz D, et al. Thy-1 is a component common to multiple populations of synaptic vesicles. J Cell Biol. 1998;140:685–98. doi: 10.1083/jcb.140.3.685.
Some of the common monoclonal antibodies used to detect this protein are clones OX7, 5E10, K117 and L127. Themed Menu Templates: Choose from 20 available templates and personalize with your own image and music This CD burning software can burn a CD, a data CD, a DVD, and a bootable disc. It can also burn multi-session CDs. With DeepBurner Free, you can create custom covers, booklets, and case inserts.The cancer stem cell (CSC) concept has been proposed four decades ago, and states that tumor development is driven by a specialized cell subset, characterized by self-renewing, multi-potent, and tumor-initiating properties ( Batlle and Clevers, 2017). In recent years, the role of CD90 was extensively studied in CSCs ( Shaikh et al., 2016). The ability to form tumors in vivo in immunodeficient mice is considered to be one of the most important properties of CSCs. CD90+ tumor cells, considered as CSCs, from several cancers, i.e., HCC ( Yang et al., 2008), gastric cancers ( Jiang et al., 2012) and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas ( Tang et al., 2013) were reported to form tumors in immunodeficient mice after injection of a very small amount of cells in contrast to CD90 negative counterparts. Another important feature of CSCs is their ability to grow in vitro as spheroids in serum-free medium. This feature has been recapitulated using CD90 expressing cells obtained from esophageal squamous cell carcinomas ( Tang et al., 2013), gastric cancers ( Jiang et al., 2012), gliomas ( Kang and Kang, 2007; He et al., 2012), and lung carcinomas ( Wang et al., 2013). Taken together, these studies identify CD90 as a potential CSC marker in many types of cancers. However, we have recently demonstrated in GBM that CD90 is not only a stem marker, as its expression is also observed in more differentiated GBM cells ( Avril et al., 2017a). CD90 as a Tumor Suppressive Molecule or a Prognostic Marker in Cancers
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