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Michaelian, Karo (22 August 2017). "Microscopic Dissipative Structuring at the Origin of Life". bioRxiv 10.1101/179382. Jeremy England developed a hypothesis of the physics of the origins of life, that he calls 'dissipation-driven adaptation'. [28] [29] The hypothesis holds that random groups of molecules can self-organize to more efficiently absorb and dissipate heat from the environment. His hypothesis states that such self-organizing systems are an inherent part of the physical world. [30] Other types of entropy and their use in defining life [ edit ] a b McCulloch, Richard Sears (1876). Treatise on the mechanical theory of heat and its applications to the steam-engine, etc. New York: D. Van Nostrand.

Research concerning the relationship between the thermodynamic quantity entropy and both the origin and evolution of life began around the turn of the 20th century. In 1910, American historian Henry Adams printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume A Letter to American Teachers of History proposing a theory of history based on the second law of thermodynamics and on the principle of entropy. [1] [2] Schneider, E. and Sagan, D. (2005). Into the Cool: Energy Flow, Thermodynamics, and Life. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN 9780226739366 Jones, Orion (9 December 2014). "MIT Physicist Proposes New "Meaning of Life" ". Big Think . Retrieved 11 December 2014.

This, Schrödinger argues, is what differentiates life from other forms of the organization of matter. In this direction, although life's dynamics may be argued to go against the tendency of the second law, life does not in any way conflict with or invalidate this law, because the principle that entropy can only increase or remain constant applies only to a closed system which is adiabatically isolated, meaning no heat can enter or leave, and the physical and chemical processes which make life possible do not occur in adiabatic isolation, i.e. living systems are open systems. Whenever a system can exchange either heat or matter with its environment, an entropy decrease of that system is entirely compatible with the second law. [7]

In 1876, American civil engineer Richard Sears McCulloh, in his Treatise on the Mechanical Theory of Heat and its Application to the Steam-Engine, which was an early thermodynamics textbook, states, after speaking about the laws of the physical world, that "there are none that are established on a firmer basis than the two general propositions of Joule and Carnot; which constitute the fundamental laws of our subject." McCulloh then goes on to show that these two laws may be combined in a single expression as follows: Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RA, Vemulapalli GK. (1983) The Darwinian Dynamic. Quarterly Review of Biology 58, 185-207. JSTOR2828805 Callen, Herbert B (1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics. John Wiley and Sons. The second law of thermodynamics applied to the origin of life is a far more complicated issue than the further development of life, since there is no "standard model" of how the first biological lifeforms emerged, only a number of competing hypotheses. The problem is discussed within the context of abiogenesis, implying gradual pre-Darwinian chemical evolution. In 1924, Alexander Oparin suggested that sufficient energy for generating early lifeforms from non-living molecules was provided in a " primordial soup". A related topic is the probability that life would emerge, which has been discussed in several studies, for example by Russell Doolittle. [22]

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a b Michaelian, K. (11 March 2011). "Thermodynamic dissipation theory for the origin of life". Earth System Dynamics. 2 (1): 37–51. arXiv: 0907.0042. Bibcode: 2011ESD.....2...37M. doi: 10.5194/esd-2-37-2011. ISSN 2190-4979. S2CID 14574109. The general struggle for existence of animate beings is not a struggle for raw materials – these, for organisms, are air, water and soil, all abundantly available – nor for energy which exists in plenty in any body in the form of heat, but a struggle for [negative] entropy, which becomes available through the transition of energy from the hot sun to the cold earth. [3] Nelson, P. (2004). Biological Physics, Energy, Information, Life. W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-4372-8 You may not use the EntropiaLife, to provide or to facilitate access to or to distribute illegal software or materials.You agree not to utilize any software to catalogue or otherwise distribute data collected by EntropiaLife without the expressed permission of its owners. The 1944 book What is Life? by Nobel-laureate physicist Erwin Schrödinger stimulated further research in the field. In his book, Schrödinger originally stated that life feeds on negative entropy, or negentropy as it is sometimes called, but in a later edition corrected himself in response to complaints and stated that the true source is free energy. More recent work has restricted the discussion to Gibbs free energy because biological processes on Earth normally occur at a constant temperature and pressure, such as in the atmosphere or at the bottom of the ocean, but not across both over short periods of time for individual organisms. Reimported Estates,Roars, LA Markers, Recources, Mobs, Mission Brokers, Mision Locations, Revival Points, Outposts, POI and Teleports To Maps&Locations section (8825 objects.)