Butterfly Brain

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Herman, W. S. & Tatar, M. Juvenile hormone regulation of longevity in the migratory monarch butterfly. Proc. Biol. Sci. 268, 2509–2514 (2001). Based on the influence of compass perturbations on the neural tuning, we classified the neurons into two types: (i) compass neurons whose angular tuning was linked to the butterflies’ heading direction, such as HD and steering neurons, and (ii) putative GD neurons whose angular tuning was not affected by compass perturbations. The classification was quantified by calculating an HD index for each neuron (for details, see “Methods”, Fig. S6). Positive HD indices were expected from compass neurons that change their angular tuning, represented by the preferred firing direction (pfd), in accordance with the butterfly’s change in mean heading (green neurons in Fig. 1h and Figs. S7a, S6a). In contrast, putative GD neurons should show negative HD indices as their angular tunings were expected to be unaffected by compass perturbations (blue neurons in Fig. 1h and Fig. S7a; Fig. S6b). In total, 55 of 113 neurons (48.7%) were classified as compass neurons (HD index: mean ± standard deviation: 0.38 ± 0.29, Fig. S6c). Their angular tuning changed after compass perturbations if visualized in an absolute frame of reference (0° represents a fixed direction in the setup; upper heatmaps in Fig. 1i). Neither variations in their action potential rate during flight nor their mean spike rate could explain the observed tuning changes ( p = 0.75, U = 1540; two-sided Mann–Whitney U test, Fig. S8). The strong association between the animal’s heading and spatial tuning of compass neurons is apparent when the neurons’ firing rate is plotted relative to the butterflies’ mean heading (0° represents the animal’s heading direction; Fig. S7b). In contrast to this, 58 neurons (51.3%) had negative HD indices (mean ± standard deviation: −0.43 ± 0.32) and might, amongst others, include neurons that represent the animal’s goal direction (lower heatmaps in Fig. 1i). The correlation between their angular tuning measured before and after compass perturbations was much higher than that of compass neurons ( p = 0.001, U = 1027, two-sided Mann–Whitney U test, Fig. 1j). Consistent with this, the pfds of putative GD neurons varied less than those of compass neurons ( p< 0.0001, U = 494, two-sided Mann–Whitney U, Fig. S7c). Moreover, the tuning of these putative GD neurons showed a higher variance of heading offsets than the compass neurons ( p = 0.0054, U = 1113, two-sided Mann–Whitney U test, Fig. 1k) indicating that their angular tuning was not linked to the coding of the butterflies’ compass. Both compass neurons and putative GD neurons fully tiled a 360° representation of angular space (compass neurons: p = 0.76; Z = 0.27; n = 55; putative GD neurons: p = 0.36; Z = 1.01; n = 58 Rayleigh test, Fig. 1l). Altogether, the compass perturbations allowed us to functionally discriminate between two types of neurons, one type that was closely associated with the heading coding (compass neurons) and another type whose spatial tuning was invariant in response to compass perturbations (putative GD neurons). Resetting the butterflies’ goal directions The Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) score is an assessment tool for functional impairment. Scores run from 100 to 0. In most serious illnesses, the lower the KPS score, the worse the likelihood of survival. KPS scores were dichotomized into two groups, according to ability to carry on normal activities (KPS score >70).[ 10] Therapeutic factors, including surgical resection, type of surgery, and adjuvant therapy, were determined. In the present study, enrollment date means the first surgical date. Therefore, the living status of patients was evaluated using medical records from when the patients died at the hospital and phone interviews or local municipality records if patient deaths were not recorded in the HIS.

Finkelstein, A. et al. Three-dimensional head-direction coding in the bat brain. Nature 517, 159–164 (2015). Midbrain. The midbrain is the upper part of the brainstem, close to the thalamus. In turn, the midbrain comprises three structures. The most important are the tectum (the dorsal side) and the tegmentum (the ventral side). Another important structure is the cerebral aqueduct, which contains the cerebrospinal fluid, a substance that’s equally important to the brain’s functions. The midbrain controls certain movements, reflex reactions to visual and aural stimuli, the regulation of body temperature, and sleep-wake cycles. Reppert, S. M., Gegear, R. J. & Merlin, C. Navigational mechanisms of migrating monarch butterflies. Trends Neurosci. 33, 399–406 (2010).

Recovery and after effects

The primary study outcomes were differences in 6-, 12- and 18-months mortality between patients who had resection compared with biopsy alone. The secondary outcomes were differences in preoperative tumor volume, administered adjuvant therapy, IDH1/2 mutation, and MGMT methylation status in these groups. Statistical analysis Two reviewers (DG and RC) independently extracted data from included articles into a spreadsheet using Microsoft Excel (2010; Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). We recorded: (a) the number of patients who were alive at 6-, 12-, and 18-months follow-up; (b) the first author’s last name; (c) year of publication; (d) country of a study performed; (e) enrollment dates; (f) numbers of patients with bGBM; (g) sex; (h) age; (i) preoperative tumor volume; (j) use of adjuvant therapy; (k) IDH1/2 mutation and MGMT methylation status. Quality assessment Hulse, B. K. et al. A connectome of the Drosophila central complex reveals network motifs suitable for flexible navigation and context-dependent action selection. Elife 10, 66039 (2021). a) The length of corpus callosum ( l) is divided on the sagittal plane including (1) rostrum, (2) inferior genu, (3) superior genu, (4) posterior genu, (5) body, (6) isthmus, and (7) splenium in T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging that adapted from Highley et al. (b and c) The contrast-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging showing vivid enhancement of genu lymphoma with bifrontal extension. (d) The axial contrast-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging showing low enhancement of splenium glioblastoma. (e) The sagittal contrast-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging showing enhancement of whole corpus callosum germinoma with subependymal dissemination

Goulard, R., Buehlmann, C., Niven, J. E., Graham, P. & Webb, B. A unified mechanism for innate and learned visual landmark guidance in the insect central complex. PLOS Comput. Biol. 17, e1009383 (2021).

Types

Xu, M. et al. A1166C genetic variation of the angiotensin II type I receptor gene and susceptibility to coronary heart disease: Collaborative of 53 studies with 20,435 cases and 23,674 controls. Atherosclerosis 213(1), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.046 (2010). It's different from a benign brain tumour, which isn't cancerous and tends to grow more slowly. Symptoms