Expecting the Unexpected: seeking the silver linings ...

Product Information

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.

Plus with a kids who didnt sleep, my fatigue was making it very hard to find the time or motivation to make it a regular thing.

I’m slowly realizing I can’t expect others to understand my trauma, my reactions, my anger and my grief, as foreign and weird as they may seem.

In this way, it could be suggested that these paradigms target, but do not isolate, learning under volatility. Until now, reviews have not comprehensively compared learning under distinct types of uncertainties in this age range. With regard to the inverse temperature parameter, these studies reported either no age-related differences (Hauser et al. High profile figures in the world of astronomy have openly entertained the hypothesis that it was an extra-terrestrial artefact. The social re-orientation of adolescence: A neuroscience perspective on the process and its relation to psychopathology.

Neuroimaging findings show that in a learning context with outcome stochasticity, PEs scale with the activity in the ventral striatum, and medial PFC (Cohen et al.

We study potential equilibria in California's cap-and-trade market for greenhouse gases (GHGs) based on information available before the market started. As crowdsourced user-generated content becomes an important source of data for organizations, a pressing question is how to ensure that data contributed by ordinary people outside of traditional organizational boundaries is of suitable quality to be useful for both known and unanticipated purposes. In contrast, a recent study reported lowest negative learning rates in adolescents among all the age groups (Eckstein et al. We examined this hypothesis by reviewing the developmental literature on learning under two types of outcome uncertainty: 1) stochastic outcomes, in which the outcome variation remains stable over time; and 2) volatile outcomes, in which there is a change in mean-value or probabilities of outcomes over time. I’ve struggled with framing my daughter’s death as a trauma- I feel this immense pressure (self imposed) that since I had so much notice- months- to prepare for my baby’s likely death, I should have handled and still be handling it all better.In brief, their findings show that in many cases, computational parameters cannot be directly compared between studies, because the processes that are captured depend on task characteristics, such as feedback valence, memory load, choice of parameters, volatility, and others. In contrast, findings from most studies indicate a decrease in choice stochasticity and exploration (i. Another study reported that activity in the medial PFC scaled with choice probability predicted by the computational model and was stronger in adults than adolescents (Waltmann et al. depends on our ability to learn from experiences and adjust our expectations accordingly by keeping track of outcomes and the changes in those outcomes over time.

Risky options are generally operationalized as the ones with greater outcome variability, and consistently choosing such risky options can be either beneficial or detrimental in the long run based on their average value (Jepma et al. The power of the like in adolescence: Effects of peer influence on neural and behavioral responses to social media. Therefore, as a first step, we reviewed and compared developmental studies that included an adolescent age range in stochastic learning contexts (without volatility) and volatile learning contexts (with or without stochasticity). Despite the relevance of differentiating these two types of uncertainty, most developmental studies primarily focus on one of the two by making use of either probabilistic reinforcement learning paradigms targeting stochastic learning environments or reversal-learning paradigms targeting mainly volatility in learning environments, but also including a level of stochasticity. A key consideration here is that organisations must manage reactive risk before they need to react – prior to the point of disruption.She quickly became consumed by grief for the child she thought she was carrying, and fear for the son she had brought into the world. For example, in environments with high estimated outcome stochasticity, unexpected events are more likely to be attributed to chance even when this event has occurred due to a real change.