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Gills are found in aquatic animals such as fish, while lungs are found in terrestrial animals such as mammals. I just watched it and will echo the comments made by others in thanking Matt for his bravery and honesty in making the video. I hope that making and sharing the video has not only helped him but also helped others. As water flows over the lamellae, oxygen diffuses from the water into the bloodstream of the fish, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the water. This process is known as countercurrent exchange, which allows for efficient oxygen extraction. What is the structure of gills and how does it aid in oxygen extraction?

The primary lamellae are attached to the gill arch, while the secondary lamellae are attached to the primary lamellae. However, some species have unique adaptations to their gills that allow them to survive in extreme environments. Here are some special cases of respiration in fish: Sharks and RaysAs water flows over the lamellae, oxygen diffuses from the water into the bloodstream of the fish, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the water. What are the different types of gills found in aquatic animals? The gills of fishes are supported by a series of gill arches encased within a chamber formed by bony plates (the operculum). A pair of gill filaments projects from each arch; between the dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower) surfaces of the filaments, there is a series of secondary folds, the lamellae, where the gas exchange takes place. The blood vessels passing through the gill arches branch into the filaments and then into still smaller vessels (capillaries) in the lamellae. Deoxygenated blood from the heart flows in the lamellae in a direction counter to that of the water flow across the exchange surfaces. In a number of fishes the water-to-blood distance across which gases must diffuse is 0.0003 to 0.003 millimetre, or about the same distance as the air-to-blood pathway in the mammalian lung. Skates are a type of ray that live on the sea floor and are often exposed to low oxygen levels. To cope with this, they have evolved a system of “rectal breathing.” Gills are respiratory organs found in aquatic animals, including fish, sharks, lampreys, and hagfish. They are responsible for extracting oxygen from water, which is then used to sustain the animal’s metabolism.

Lampreys and hagfish do not have gill slits as such. Instead, the gills are contained in spherical pouches, with a circular opening to the outside. Like the gill slits of higher fish, each pouch contains two gills. In some cases, the openings may be fused together, effectively forming an operculum. Lampreys have seven pairs of pouches, while hagfishes may have six to fourteen, depending on the species. In the hagfish, the pouches connect with the pharynx internally. In adult lampreys, a separate respiratory tube develops beneath the pharynx proper, separating food and water from respiration by closing a valve at its anterior end. [7] Breathing without gills [ edit ]Graham, Anthony; Richardson, Jo (2012). "Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus". EvoDevo. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 3 (1): 24. doi: 10.1186/2041-9139-3-24. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 3564725. PMID 23020903. A high surface area is crucial to the gas exchange of aquatic organisms, as water contains only a small fraction of the dissolved oxygen than air does, and it diffuses more slowly. A cubic meter of air contains about 250 grams of oxygen at STP. [ dubious – discuss] [ citation needed] In fresh water, the dissolved oxygen content is approximately 8cm 3/L compared to that of air which is 210cm 3/L. [4] Water is 777 times more dense than air and is 100 times more viscous. [4] Oxygen has a diffusion rate in air 10,000 times greater than in water. [4] The use of sac-like lungs to remove oxygen from water would not be efficient enough to sustain life. [4] Rather than using lungs, "[g]aseous exchange takes place across the surface of highly vascularised gills over which a one-way current of water is kept flowing by a specialised pumping mechanism. The density of the water prevents the gills from collapsing and lying on top of each other, which is what happens when a fish is taken out of water." [4] Juvenile bichirs have external gills, a very primitive feature that they share with larval amphibians. In bony fish, the gills lie in a branchial chamber covered by a bony operculum. The great majority of bony fish species have five pairs of gills, although a few have lost some over the course of evolution. The operculum can be important in adjusting the pressure of water inside of the pharynx to allow proper ventilation of the gills, so bony fish do not have to rely on ram ventilation (and hence near constant motion) to breathe. Valves inside the mouth keep the water from escaping. [9]

I do hope that continued research will prove that some psychoactive substances such as marijuana, magic mushrooms and ketamine are more helpful in treating depression and anxiety than the anti-depressants that are currently available from the NHS. The rate of oxygen exchange can be affected by a variety of factors, including water temperature, dissolved oxygen levels, and the size and shape of the gill filaments. Gills are the respiratory organs of fish and other aquatic animals. They are responsible for extracting oxygen from water and expelling carbon dioxide. The structure of gills is highly specialized for this function. Galen observed that fish had multitudes of openings ( foramina), big enough to admit gases, but too fine to give passage to water. Pliny the Elder held that fish respired by their gills, but observed that Aristotle was of another opinion. [1] The word branchia comes from the Greek βράγχια, "gills", plural of βράγχιον (in singular, meaning a fin). [2] Function [ edit ]

Lungfish are an interesting example of the adaptation of gills to different environments. Lungfish are able to survive in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Although most fish respire primarily using gills, some fish can at least partially respire using mechanisms that do not require gills. In some species cutaneous respiration accounts for 5 to 40 per cent of the total respiration, depending on temperature. Cutaneous respiration is more important in species that breathe air, such as mudskippers and reedfish, and in such species can account for nearly half the total respiration. [16] Breathing gets even harder when the oxygen concentration decreases. You may have heard of hypoxic zones, also known as “dead zones”, where low levels of oxygen make it impossible for animals to survive. Although they can occur naturally, hypoxic zones can also be created by human activity. When high-nutrient pollution, like farm runoff, enters the ocean, it can cause algal blooms that then die and decompose, causing low-oxygen zones. In 2019, runoff caused massive dead zones in the Gulf of Mexico. Sharks and rays have five to seven pairs of gill slits located on the sides of their heads. Unlike most fish, they do not pump water over their gills, but instead rely on a process called “ram ventilation.” The process of respiration in gills is highly efficient due to the large surface area of the gill filaments and the constant flow of water over the lamellae.

a b c d e f g h i Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp.316–327. ISBN 0-03-910284-X. Scott, Thomas (1996). Concise encyclopedia biology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 542. ISBN 978-3-11-010661-9. With the exception of some aquatic insects, the filaments and lamellae (folds) contain blood or coelomic fluid, from which gases are exchanged through the thin walls. The blood carries oxygen to other parts of the body. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood through the thin gill tissue into the water. Gills or gill-like organs, located in different parts of the body, are found in various groups of aquatic animals, including mollusks, crustaceans, insects, fish, and amphibians. Semiterrestrial marine animals such as crabs and mudskippers have gill chambers in which they store water, enabling them to use the dissolved oxygen when they are on land. The structure of gills varies depending on the species and their adaptation to the aquatic environment. Fish gills are composed of thin filaments that are covered in tiny projections called lamellae. Roberts, M.B.V. (1986). Biology: A Functional Approach. Nelson Thornes. p.139. ISBN 978-0-17-448019-8.

Gills are located on either side of the fish’s head, protected by a bony structure called the gill arch. The gill arch supports the gill filaments, which are made up of primary and secondary lamellae. Dead zones, which are caused by excessive nutrient pollution, can lead to hypoxic conditions and severely impact fish populations. Pozdnyakov, S. E. & Gibson, D. I. (2008). Family Didymozoidae Monticelli, 1888. In R. A. Bray, D. I. Gibson & A. Jones (Eds.), Keys to the Trematoda, Vol. 3 (pp. 631-734). London: CAB International and The Natural History Museum. This means that they must constantly swim forward to force water over their gills and extract oxygen. The gill filaments are covered by a thin layer of skin, which allows for the exchange of gases between the water and the fish’s blood vessels. The skin is highly vascularized, with a network of capillaries that allow for the efficient exchange of gases.

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