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Prynne M (11 October 2013). "Warning over caffeine sweets after father dies from overdose". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2013. Maughan RJ, Griffin J (December 2003). "Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance: a review" (PDF). Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 16 (6): 411–20. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-277X.2003.00477.x. PMID 19774754. S2CID 41617469. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2019. Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 15 (4): 431–43. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.4/enestler. PMC 3898681. PMID 24459410. DESPITE THE IMPORTANCE OF NUMEROUS PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS, AT ITS CORE, DRUG ADDICTION INVOLVES A BIOLOGICAL PROCESS: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction.... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type NAc neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement Some analog substances have been created which mimic caffeine's properties with either function or structure or both. Of the latter group are the xanthines DMPX [210] and 8-chlorotheophylline, which is an ingredient in dramamine. Members of a class of nitrogen substituted xanthines are often proposed as potential alternatives to caffeine. [211] [ unreliable source?] Many other xanthine analogues constituting the adenosine receptor antagonist class have also been elucidated. [212] a b "Caffeine". ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019 . Retrieved 16 October 2014. Experimental Melting Point:

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Gibbons CH, Schmidt P, Biaggioni I, Frazier-Mills C, Freeman R, Isaacson S, Karabin B, Kuritzky L, Lew M, Low P, Mehdirad A, Raj SR, Vernino S, Kaufmann H (August 2017). "The recommendations of a consensus panel for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and associated supine hypertension". J. Neurol. 264 (8): 1567–1582. doi: 10.1007/s00415-016-8375-x. PMC 5533816. PMID 28050656. Caffeine can delay or prevent sleep and improves task performance during sleep deprivation. [54] Shift workers who use caffeine make fewer mistakes that could result from drowsiness. [55] Extraction by organic solvents: Certain organic solvents such as ethyl acetate present much less health and environmental hazard than chlorinated and aromatic organic solvents used formerly. Another method is to use triglyceride oils obtained from spent coffee grounds. [207]

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a b c Karch SB (2009). Karch's pathology of drug abuse (4thed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp.229–230. ISBN 978-0-8493-7881-2. The suggestion has also been made that a caffeine dependence syndrome exists... In one controlled study, dependence was diagnosed in 16 of 99individuals who were evaluated. The median daily caffeine consumption of this group was only 357mg per day (Strain et al., 1994). Robertson D, Wade D, Workman R, Woosley RL, Oates JA (April 1981). "Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 67 (4): 1111–7. doi: 10.1172/JCI110124. PMC 370671. PMID 7009653. Hong CT, Chan L, Bai CH (June 2020). "The Effect of Caffeine on the Risk and Progression of Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis". Nutrients. 12 (6): 1860. doi: 10.3390/nu12061860. PMC 7353179. PMID 32580456. a b c Desk reference to the diagnostic criteria from DSM-5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp.238–239. ISBN 978-0-89042-556-5.

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Snel J, Lorist MM (2011). "Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition". Human Sleep and Cognition Part II - Clinical and Applied Research. Progress in Brain Research. Vol.190. pp.105–17. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53817-8.00006-2. ISBN 978-0-444-53817-8. PMID 21531247. Collado-Mateo D, Lavín-Pérez AM, Merellano-Navarro E, Coso JD (November 2020). "Effect of Acute Caffeine Intake on the Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Nutrients. 12 (12): 3603. doi: 10.3390/nu12123603. PMC 7760526. PMID 33255240. Desk reference to the diagnostic criteria from DSM-5. 2013. ISBN 978-0-89042-556-5. OCLC 825047464. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) a b c Bolton S, Null G (1981). "Caffeine: Psychological Effects, Use and Abuse" (PDF). Orthomolecular Psychiatry. 10 (3): 202–211. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2008.Theobromine (12%): Dilates blood vessels and increases urine volume. Theobromine is also the principal alkaloid in the cocoa bean ( chocolate). Caffeine is used for both prevention [34] and treatment [35] of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. It may improve weight gain during therapy [36] and reduce the incidence of cerebral palsy as well as reduce language and cognitive delay. [37] [38] On the other hand, subtle long-term side effects are possible. [39]