Proceedings, of the Worcester Society of Entiquity, Vol. 21 (Classic Reprint)

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Trajan dies of natural causes. His adopted son Hadrian succeeds him. Hadrian pulls out of Iraq and Armenia. BC: Panini standardizes the grammar and morphology of Sanskrit in the text Ashtadhyayi. Panini's standardized Sanskrit is known as Classical Sanskrit. The Archaic expansion differed from the Iron Age migrations of the Greek Dark Ages, in that it consisted of organised direction (see oikistes) away from the originating metropolis rather than the simplistic movement of tribes, which characterised the aforementioned earlier migrations. Many colonies, or apoikia ( Greek: ἀποικία, transl. "home away from home"), that were founded during this period eventually evolved into strong Greek city-states, functioning independently of their metropolis. Iron Age Italy [ edit ] Etruscan civilization in north of Italy, 800 BC

Main article: Roman Republic The extent of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire in 218 BC (dark red), 133BC (light red), 44BC (orange), 14AD (yellow), after 14AD (green), and maximum extension under Trajan 117 (light green)Ancient technological progress began before the recording of history, with tools, use of fire, [177] domestication of animals, and agriculture all predating recorded history. [178] The use of metals and the ability to make metal alloys was foundational for later technologies to develop. [179] Medical knowledge, including the use of herbs to treat illnesses and wounds as well as some surgical techniques, advanced during antiquity. [180] An early very important development that allowed for further advancement was writing, which allowed humans to record information for later use. [181] Lobell, Jarrett (July–August 2002). "Etruscan Pompeii". Archaeological Institute of America. 55 (4). Ancient Egypt was a long-lived civilisation geographically located in north-eastern Africa. It was concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River, [63] reaching its greatest extent during the 2nd millenniumBC, which is referred to as the New Kingdom period. [64] It reached broadly from the Nile Delta in the north, as far south as Jebel Barkal at the Fourth Cataract of the Nile. Extensions to the geographical range of ancient Egyptian civilisation included, at different times, areas of the southern Levant, the Eastern Desert and the Red Sea coastline, the Sinai Peninsula, [65] and the Western Desert (focused on the several oases).

Bentley, Jerry H.; Ziegler, Herbert F. (2006). Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past Volume I: From the Beginning to 1500 (3rded.). Boston: McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-299827-6. In the east, three schools of thought were to dominate Chinese thinking until the modern day. These were Taoism, Legalism and Confucianism. The Confucian tradition, which would attain dominance, looked for political morality not to the force of law but to the power and example of tradition. [112] Confucianism would later spread into the Korean peninsula [174] and Japan. [175] Libourel, Jan M. (1973). "A Battle of Uncertain Outcome in the Second Samnite War". The American Journal of Philology. Johns Hopkins University Press. 94 (1): 71–8. doi: 10.2307/294039. ISSN 1086-3168. JSTOR 294039. Hart-Davis, Adam, ed. (2012). History: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: DK. ISBN 978-0-7566-7609-4. Prehistory is the period before written history. Most of our knowledge of that period comes from the work of archaeologists. [2] Prehistory is often known as the Stone Age, and is divided into the Paleolithic (earliest), Mesolithic, and Neolithic. [3]

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The kingdom of Magadha rose to prominence under a number of dynasties that peaked in power under the reign of Ashoka Maurya, one of India's most legendary and famous emperors. During the reign of Ashoka, the four dynasties of Chola, Chera, and Pandya were ruling in the South, while Devanampiya Tissa (250–210 BC) controlled Anuradhapura (now Sri Lanka). These kingdoms, while not part of Ashoka's empire, were in friendly terms with the Maurya Empire. An alliance existed between Devanampiya Tissa and Ashoka of India, [95] who sent Buddhist missionaries to Sri Lanka. [96]