A History of Language

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a b Watts, Ian (2009). Rudolf P Botha; Chris Knight (eds.). Red Ochre, Body Painting, and Language: Interpreting the Blombos Ochre. pp.62–92. ISBN 978-0-19-954586-5. OCLC 804498749. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help)

BBC - Cymru - Cymraeg - Yr Iaith - The Welsh language BBC - Cymru - Cymraeg - Yr Iaith - The Welsh language

Enfield, N. J. (2010). "Without social context?" (PDF). Science. 329 (5999): 1600–1601. Bibcode: 2010Sci...329.1600E. doi: 10.1126/science.1194229. hdl: 11858/00-001M-0000-0012-C777-5. S2CID 143530707. Poliva, Oren (30 June 2016). "From Mimicry to Language: A Neuroanatomically Based Evolutionary Model of the Emergence of Vocal Language". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 10: 307. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00307. ISSN 1662-453X. PMC 4928493. PMID 27445676.

L: Lemons

Dessalles, Jean L. (1998). James R. Hurford; Michael Studdert-Kennedy; Chris Knight (eds.). Altruism, status and the origin of relevance. pp.130–147. ISBN 978-0-521-63964-4. OCLC 37742390. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) A comparable hypothesis states that in 'articulate' language, gesture and vocalisation are intrinsically linked, as language evolved from equally intrinsically linked dance and song. [14] See also: Divine language and Adamic language The Tower of Babel by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1563) Either new or old elements are freely assigned new semantic loads by circumstances and context. This says that in every language, new idioms constantly come into existence.

Introduction: Origin and Evolution of Language—An

The humanistic tradition considers language as a human invention. Renaissance philosopher Antoine Arnauld gave a detailed description of his idea of the origin of language in Port-Royal Grammar. According to Arnauld, people are social and rational by nature, and this urged them to create language as a means to communicate their ideas to others. Language construction would have occurred through a slow and gradual process. [70] In later theory, especially in functional linguistics, the primacy of communication is emphasised over psychological needs. [71] A distinction can be drawn between speech and language. Language is not necessarily spoken: it might alternatively be written or signed. Speech is among a number of different methods of encoding and transmitting linguistic information, albeit arguably the most natural one. [149] Jardri, Renaud; Houfflin-Debarge, Véronique; Delion, Pierre; Pruvo, Jean-Pierre; Thomas, Pierre; Pins, Delphine (April 2012). "Assessing fetal response to maternal speech using a noninvasive functional brain imaging technique". International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 30 (2): 159–161. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.11.002. ISSN 0736-5748. PMID 22123457. S2CID 2603226. Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue; McDonald, Kelly (1988). Richard W Byrne; Andrew Whiten (eds.). Deception and social manipulation in symbol-using apes. pp.224–237. ISBN 978-0-19-852175-4. OCLC 17260831. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help)

21. Being stuck behind someone who is walking painfully slow.

Kimura, Doreen (1993). Neuromotor mechanisms in human communication. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505492-7. OCLC 26396505. Weiss, B. (1987). " 'Ilm al-wad': An Introductory Account of a Later Muslim Philological Science". Arabica. 34 (1): 339–356. doi: 10.1163/157005887X00054. S2CID 161187751.

A History Of Language A History Of Language

Stout, Dietrich; Chaminade, Thierry (12 January 2012). "Stone tools, language and the brain in human evolution". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 367 (1585): 75–87. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0099. PMC 3223784. PMID 22106428. Human language is used for self-expression; however, expression displays different stages. The consciousness of self and feelings represents the stage immediately prior to the external, phonetic expression of feelings in the form of sound, i.e., language. Intelligent animals such as dolphins, Eurasian magpies, and chimpanzees live in communities, wherein they assign themselves roles for group survival and show emotions such as sympathy. [144] When such animals view their reflection ( mirror test), they recognise themselves and exhibit self-consciousness. [145] Notably, humans evolved in a quite different environment than that of these animals. Human survival became easier with the development of tools, shelter, and fire, thus facilitating further advancement of social interaction, self-expression, and tool-making, as for hunting and gathering. [146] The increasing brain size allowed advanced provisioning and tools and the technological advances during the Palaeolithic era that built upon the previous evolutionary innovations of bipedalism and hand versatility allowed the development of human language. [ citation needed] Self-domesticated ape theory [ edit ] Critics point out that this theory fails to explain when, how, why or by whom "obligatory reciprocal altruism" could possibly have been enforced. [21] Various proposals have been offered to remedy this defect. [21] A further criticism is that language does not work on the basis of reciprocal altruism anyway. Humans in conversational groups do not withhold information to all except listeners likely to offer valuable information in return. On the contrary, they seem to want to advertise to the world their access to socially relevant information, broadcasting that information without expectation of reciprocity to anyone who will listen. [53] The gossip and grooming hypothesis [ edit ]a b c Knight, Chris (2006). Angelo Cangelosi; Andrew D M Smith; Kenny Smith (eds.). Language co-evolved with the rule of law (PDF). pp.168–175. ISBN 978-981-256-656-0. OCLC 70797781. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) Chomsky, N. (2004). Language and Mind: Current thoughts on ancient problems. PartI & PartII. In Lyle Jenkins (ed.), Variation and Universals in Biolinguistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp.379–405. Two possible scenarios have been proposed for the development of language, [92] one of which supports the gestural theory: a b c Knight, C. (2008). " 'Honest fakes' and language origins" (PDF). Journal of Consciousness Studies. 15 (10–11): 236–48.

History of British Sign Language - UCL History of British Sign Language - UCL

History contains a number of anecdotes about people who attempted to discover the origin of language by experiment. The first such tale was told by Herodotus ( Histories 2.2). He relates that Pharaoh Psammetichus (probably Psammetichus I, 7th century BC) had two children raised by a shepherd, with the instructions that no one should speak to them, but that the shepherd should feed and care for them while listening to determine their first words. When one of the children cried "bekos" with outstretched arms the shepherd concluded that the word was Phrygian, because that was the sound of the Phrygian word for "bread". From this, Psammetichus concluded that the first language was Phrygian. King James V of Scotland is said to have tried a similar experiment; his children were supposed to have spoken Hebrew. [215] a b Uomini, Natalie Thaïs; Meyer, Georg Friedrich (30 August 2013). Petraglia, Michael D. (ed.). "Shared Brain Lateralization Patterns in Language and Acheulean Stone Tool Production: A Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Study". PLOS ONE. 8 (8): e72693. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...872693U. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072693. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3758346. PMID 24023634. A study published in HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology in 2017 claims that Ardipithecus ramidus, a hominin dated at approximately 4.5 Ma, shows the first evidence of an anatomical shift in the hominin lineage suggestive of increased vocal capability. [172] This study compared the skull of A. ramidus with 29 chimpanzee skulls of different ages and found that in numerous features A. ramidus clustered with the infant and juvenile measures as opposed to the adult measures. Significantly, [ according to whom?] such affinity with the shape dimensions of infant and juvenile chimpanzee skull architecture, it was argued, may have resulted in greater vocal capability. This assertion was based on the notion that the chimpanzee vocal tract ratios that prevent speech are a result of growth factors associated with puberty—growth factors absent in A. ramidus ontogeny. A. ramidus was also found to have a degree of cervical lordosis more conducive to vocal modulation when compared with chimpanzees as well as cranial base architecture suggestive of increased vocal capability.

What Is An Example Of Historical Linguistics?

Cheney, Dorothy L.; Seyfarth, Robert M. (2005). "Constraints and preadapta