An Extraordinary Journey: The Memoirs of a Physical Medium

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Woliver, Robbie (July 16, 2000). "An Encounter With a Television Psychic". The New York Times . Retrieved 24 December 2011. Imagine Spirit (2019). 'Differences between Mental-Physical-Trance Mediumship'. Imagine Spirit Universal Psychic Arts Training [online] Accessed at: https://imaginespirit.com/differences-between-mental-physical-and-trance-mediums/

Illusionists, such as Joseph Rinn have staged fake séances in which the sitters have claimed to have observed genuine supernatural phenomena. [45] Albert Moll studied the psychology of séance sitters. According to (Wolffram, 2012) "[Moll] argued that the hypnotic atmosphere of the darkened séance room and the suggestive effect of the experimenters' social and scientific prestige could be used to explain why seemingly rational people vouchsafed occult phenomena." [46] The psychologists Leonard Zusne and Warren Jones in their book Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking (1989) wrote that spirits controls are the "products of the medium's own psychological dynamics." [47]With today’s Photoshop technology the original 80 year old photographs have been given a little more contrast for this publication but absolutely NO other changes have been made to them. (AH Publisher) Connor, Steven (1999). "9. The Machine in the Ghost: Spiritualism, Technology and the 'Direct Voice' ". In Buse, Peter; Stott, Andrew (eds.). Ghosts: deconstruction, psychoanalysis, history. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 203–25. ISBN 978-0-312-21739-6. Between 8 November and 31 December 1920 Gustav Geley of the Institute Metapsychique International attended fourteen séances with the medium Franek Kluski in Paris. A bowl of hot paraffin was placed in the room and according to Kluski spirits dipped their limbs into the paraffin and then into a bath of water to materialize. Three other series of séances were held in Warsaw in Kluski's own apartment, these took place over a period of three years. Kluski was not searched in any of the séances. Photographs of the molds were obtained during the four series of experiments and were published by Geley in 1924. [126] [127] Harry Houdini replicated the Kluski materialization moulds by using his hands and a bowl of hot paraffin. [128] Then a voice for the Misses Edna and Millicent Davies, of Aberavon was heard. Their Father, Mother, brother and a friend of their mother spoke for a long time to them giving clear evidence of their identity. These two young women had lost both parents some seven years previously but have now found them again thanks to the wonderful gift of mediumship and Spiritualism.

Harry Houdini. (2011 reprint edition). Originally published in 1924. Magician Among the Spirits . Cambridge University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-108-02748-9 Ruth Brandon. (1983). The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Alfred E. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-52740-6 Joseph McCabe. (1920). Is Spiritualism based on Fraud?: The Evidence Given by Sir A.C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined. London: Watts & Co. p. 115If you’re not familiar with PM, it’s worth my briefly explaining what it’s all about, and why it matters.

Richard Wiseman. (2011). Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There. Macmillan. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-230-75298-6Horton, Adrian (February 25, 2019). "John Oliver on psychics: 'A vast underworld of unscrupulous vultures' ". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 25, 2019 . Retrieved February 25, 2019.

Trance phenomena result from the behavior of intense focusing of attention, which is the key psychological mechanism of trance induction. Adaptive responses, including institutionalized forms of trance, are 'tuned' into neural networks in the brain. [26] Physical mediumship [ edit ] A photograph of the medium Linda Gazzera with a doll as fake ectoplasm Mental mediums purportedly "tune in" to the spirit world by listening, sensing, or seeing spirits or symbols. Eric Robertson Dodds. (2000). Missing Persons: An Autobiography. Oxford University Press. pp. 105–06. ISBN 978-0-19-812086-5 The Austrian medium Rudi Schneider was investigated in 1924 by the physicists Stefan Meyer and Karl Przibram. They caught Rudi freeing his arm in a series of séances. [140] Rudi claimed he could levitate objects but according to Harry Price a photograph taken on April 28, 1932, showed that Rudi had managed to free his arm to move a handkerchief from the table. [141] According to Warren Jay Vinton, Schneider was an expert at freeing himself from control in the séance room. [142] Oliver Gatty and Theodore Besterman who tested Schneider concluded that in their tests there was "no good evidence that Rudi Schneider possesses supernormal powers." [143] Brian Righi. (2008). Ghosts, Apparitions and Poltergeists: An Exploration of the Supernatural through History. Llewellyn Publications. Llewellyn Publications. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7387-1363-2 "One medium of the 1920s, Mina Crandon, became famous for producing ectoplasm during her sittings. At the height of the séance, she was even able to produce a tiny ectoplasmic hand from her navel, which waved about in the darkness. Her career ended when Harvard biologists were able to examine the tiny hand and found it to be nothing more than a carved piece of animal liver."

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Klimo, Jon (1998). Channeling: Investigations on Receiving Information from Paranormal Sources. North Atlantic Books. p.100. ISBN 978-1-55643-248-4. Wood, Matthew (2007). Possession Power and the New Age: Ambiguities of Authority in Neoliberal Societies. Ashgate Publishing, Limited. ISBN 978-0-7546-3339-6. The key role in mediumship of this sort is played by "effect of subjective confirmation" (see Barnum effect) — people are predisposed to consider reliable that information which though is casual coincidence or a guess, however it seems to them personally important and significant and answers their personal belief. [203] Mediumship is the practice of purportedly mediating communication between familiar spirits or spirits of the dead and living human beings. Practitioners are known as "mediums" or "spirit mediums". [1] [2] There are different types of mediumship or spirit channelling, including séance tables, trance, and ouija.