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Patients can find it increasingly difficult to maintain long-term dietary changes like low caloric intake, low salt intake, and limiting processed foods, which in turn may lead to a shift towards preintervention practices in some individuals, for example, increased calorie intake [ 28]. This implies the need for interventions to focus on ways to help patients maintain healthy dietary patterns [ 28]. Increased physical activity has been advocated as the first-line intervention for preventing and treating patients with prehypertension and as a treatment strategy for patients with stage 1 or stage 2 HTN, according to the Duthe American College of Sports Medicine, the United States Joint Nations Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High BP, the World Health Organization and International Society of Hypertension, and The National Heart Foundation [ 36]. Exercise can consequently help prevent prehypertension from progressing and can help reduce or stop medications prescribed for the treatment of stage 1 HTN [ 37]. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), low-risk drinking is considered four drinks per day or less than fourteen drinks per week for men and less than or equal to three drinks per day and less than seven drinks per day for women [ 49]. Binge drinking is the consumption of five drinks by men and four drinks by women in a period of two hours [ 47, 50]. According to studies performed by O’Keefe et al. and Peng et al., it was shown that excessive consumption of alcohol has contributed to 16% of HTN cases worldwide [ 45, 51]. The pathophysiology of HTN in chronic alcohol consumption is by vagal inhibition and sympathetic stimulation [ 52]. To inspect the consequence of Hg 2+ concentration on the morphology, the bacterial cells were freshly grown in the presence (50 and 100 mg/L - test samples) and absence (control) of Hg 2+ as HgCl 2; and cell pellets were harvested by centrifugation (5000 rpm at 4°C for 5 min) after 48 h. SEM analysis has been carried out, as reported by Joshi etal. (2021). In brief, the bacterial cells were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde followed by the post-fixing in 1% osmium tetroxide and dehydration of the cells with graded ethanol series (25%, 50%, 80%, 90%, and absolute). The processed samples were scanned using SEM (JEOL-JSM-IT500). Extraction of metabolites and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis
The Mediterranean diet (Med Diet) has also helped lower BP. As per the Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study conducted in the United States in 2020 by a group of researchers who followed 851 US older adults, for every one unit increase in the Med Diet score in participants, it was found that there was a corresponding reduction of 0.69 units in SBP, a reduction of 0.33 in DBP, and a reduction of 0.45 on mean arterial pressure (MAP) [ 32]. Although this seems to be small, this change can have a noteworthy effect at the level of the population; that is, a decrease of 2 mm Hg in SBP can lead to a decrease of 10% when it comes to the population [ 32]. According to the observational studies conducted in Mediterranean countries, higher adherence to a Med Diet is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, overall mortality as well as neoplastic disease [ 33, 34]. The Med Diet consists of higher consumption of extra virgin olive oil, vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, cereals, as well as seeds; moderate consumption of fish, poultry, red wine, and dairy; and lower consumption of processed foods and red meat [ 35]. One of the quintessential steps to manage HTN is lifestyle modifications like exercise, weight loss, dietary interventions, a low-sodium diet, limiting alcohol consumption, smoking cessation, and stress management to help control BP. The treatment of HTN is based on specific characteristics like stage of disease, compliance, and comorbid conditions. For proper management of HTN, we may need to include pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions [ 5]. Despite advancements in medicine and treatment options, the global burden of HTN has been increasing due to the advancing age of the population and an increasing prevalence of obesity. HTN is an insidious disease that, if not treated promptly, predisposes us to cardiovascular complications and various other complications [ 6]. Increased physical activity, limiting salt intake, minimizing alcohol consumption, smoking cessation, and stress management together support the management of patients with HTN and as preventive measures in the general population [ 7]. However, it is important to note that lifestyle modification is a process that requires patients to adhere continuously [ 5].
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Based on the results obtained by the x-ray film method, ICP-MS analysis has been carried out to confirm the Hg removal potential of the isolates in the presence of 50 mg/L of Hg 2+. The ICP-MS outcomes showed significant changes in the level of Hg depletion. Among all, the marine culture NIOT-EQR_J251 possessed the highest potential (70.62%) to volatilize Hg. NIOT-EQR_J258 showed the least removal of Hg (17.48%), whereas NIOT-EQR_J7 and NIOT-EQR_J248 were capable to volatilize 29.18% and 52.17% of Hg 2+ under similar conditions, respectively. ( Figure4B). NIOT-EQR_J251 could volatilize 32.54 mg of the initial inoculum of 46.07 mg of HgCl 2, whereas NIOT-EQR_J258 removes 8.03 mg of the initial supplement of 45.74 mg of Hg 2+. In presence of 50 mg/L of Hg 2+, NIOT-EQR_J7 and NIOT-EQR_J248 dominantly developed the fog on the x-ray film, whereas, in the ICP-MS analysis, NIOT-EQR_J251 showed the highest Hg removal as compared to the other isolates. This suggests that volatilization was not solely responsible for removing the Hg 2+ from the culture media and the contribution of different processes like bioaccumulation and bio-adsorption may be involved. Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Port Blair, India
Genus Halomonas is reported from most of the saline environments regardless of their geographical location, including the marine environment, salterns, saline lakes, and soil ( Llamas etal., 2006). The MRB isolated from the coastal areas of Kuwait were identified as Alcanivorax borkumensis, Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, and Halomonas taeheungii ( Sorkhoh etal., 2010). The 16S rDNA analysis and phenotypic characteristics revealed that the heavy metal-resistant halophilic bacteria WQL9 belong to the genus Halomonas sp ( Abdel-Razik etal., 2020). The Marinobacter genus is comprised of widespread marine bacteria found exceptionally in marine or terrestrial environments rich in sodium salts, in the deep sea, coastal seawater, sediment, oceanic basalt, etc. ( Handley and Lloyd, 2013). Alcanivorax xenomutans are also rich in the saline environment as they are halophilic and favorable to living in the marine environment. A comparative analysis of the partial sequence of the 16S rDNA of the four strains revealed a high level of similarity to the corresponding sequence of environmental isolates. Detection of mercury reductase gene In context to these four isolates, the shift in wavenumbers, changes in peak height, and the appearance/disappearance of new peaks in the presence of Hg 2+; suggest alterations in functional groups (especially -SH group), which might play an important role in the Hg detoxification. SEM analysis of Hg treated and untreated isolates GJ: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing-original draft, Writing-review & editing. PV: Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing-review & editing. BM: Investigation. PG: Formal analysis. DMP: Investigation. DKJ: Writing-review & editing. NVV: Supervision, Project administration, Writing-review & editing. GD: Supervision, Project administration, Writing-review & editing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Funding When the isolate NIOT-EQR_J7 was grown in the presence of Hg 2+ supplementation, a slight reduction in the peak intensity attributed to the thiol group (S-H stretch) at 2383.09 cm -1 was observed as compared to the control along with the wavelength that shifted to 2442.42 cm -1. In contrast, the peak intensity corresponding to the thiol group of NIOT-EQR_J248 at 2304.55 cm -1 increased compared to without Hg 2+ supplementation and the shift in wavelength to 2246.72 cm -1 was observed. In the case of NIOT-EQR_J251, the peaks corresponding to the S-H group appeared at 2341.34 cm -1 in the presence of Hg 2+ whereas, in the absence of Hg 2+, the peak was negligible. The peak was absent in both the presence and absence of Hg 2+ in the case of isolate NIOT-EQR_J258 ( Figures5A–D). In accord with our findings, previous studies had also reported similar results ( Dash and Das, 2014; De etal., 2014; Joshi etal., 2021) and suggested significant changes in the FT-IR spectrum such as a shift in wavenumber in the region of O-H groups, –S-H group, amide C=O, Nitrile C–N stretch, phosphate groups, etc. The changes in peak height and area have also been observed when isolates were grown in the presence of Hg 2+ ions compared to the controlled ones. The transmittance of the infrared (IR) in the presence of Hg 2+ was lower than in the absence of Hg 2+. The changes suggested that the presence of metal leads to a lesser degree of bond stretching, consequently reducing the IR transmittance. The contribution of functional groups in metal binding was legitimized undeniably by the formation of varying spectral bands with and without Hg ( Oves etal., 2013). The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/ Supplementary Material. Author contributionsHG car dashboard cleaner makes the interior of the car look like new. This dash cleaner cleans and protects synthetic materials, plastic, rubber, vinyl and leather. Also, the car dash cleaner intensifies the colour and restores the shine of the polished surface. The HG dashboard spray also leaves a wonderfully fresh fragrance after the treatment, but not a detectable greasy coating. How do you use HG car dashboard cleaner?
In our recent study ( Joshi etal., 2021), we isolated and characterized several MRBs from the deeper depth of the Central Indian Ocean and evaluated their ability to remove Hg from the culture media. However, no bacterial strain was observed from the surface seawater samples that were resistant to Hg up to 100 mg/L. Though various bacterial strains have been isolated from the coastal and oceanic region, so far. MRB from the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean (ERIO) is not studied. It is hypothesized that the marine bacteria from ERIO could be a potential resource for the reduction of Hg 2+ as ERIO is highly dynamic in nature due to high current and intense climatological precipitation ( Annamalai, 2010). Assorted studies have shown that IF lowers BP. Harvie et al., in their study involving 107 overweight or obese premenopausal women, showed that IF for six months helped lower SBP (p= 0.99) and DBP (p= 0.84) [ 22]. Varady et al., in their study performed for 12 weeks with IF involving 15 overweight individuals (five males, 10 females with a BMI of 20-29.9 kg/m 2 showed that IF helped lower BP with a p-value of 0.51 [ 23]. A study by Bhutani et al. involving 83 obese individuals (three males and 80 females) with a BMI of 30-39.9 kg/m 2revealed that 12 weeks of IF helped lower SBP (p = 0.254) and DBP (p = 0.570) [ 24]. In a study by Eshghinia et al., 15 overweight or obese women with a BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 who followed IF for eight weeks showed a lowering of SBP (p<0.001) and DBP (p<0.05) [ 25]. Teng et al., in their 12 weeks IF study with 28 Malay men with a BMI of 23-29.9 kg/m 2,showed a lowering in SBP (p<0.05) and DBP (p<0.05) [ 26]. Erdem et al., in their study involving 60 participants from the Cappadocia cohort with pre-HTN and HTN with SBP of 120-139 and more than or equal to 140 mm Hg, DBP of 80-80 and more than or equal to 90 mm Hg, revealed that IF helps lower SBP (p<0.001) and DBP (p<0.039) [ 27]. The statistical analysis of Hg removal potential among the different species i.e., Alcanivorax xenomutans, Halomonas sp., Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus and within the Halomonas spp. revealed that the Hg removal by NIOT-EQR_J251 was significantly higher (p< 0.01) than NIOT-EQR_J7 and NIOT-EQR_J258. There was a significant difference (p< 0.05) in the removal of Hg between NIOT-EQR_J248 vs. NIOT-EQR_J258 and NIOT-EQR_J248 vs. NIOT-EQR_J251. Al-Mailem etal. (2011) reported Haloferax sp. (HA1 and HA2), Halobacterium sp. HA3, and Halococcus sp. HA4 effectively volatilized (from 40 to 65%) the available 100 mg/L of Hg after 8 days. Many other isolates such as Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas putida, Vibrio fluvialis could volatilize 60%-95%, 94%, 100%, 60% of Hg 2+, respectively, from culture ( Zhang etal., 2012; Dash etal., 2013; Giri etal., 2014; Saranya etal., 2017; Zheng etal., 2018).A conserved region of merA gene encoding bacterial mercuric reductase enzyme was detected using the above isolated genomic DNA ( Joshi etal., 2021). The PCR reactions were carried out using the primer set F1merA (5’-TCGTGATGTTCGACCGCT-3’) and F2merA (5’-TACTCCCGCCGTTTCCAAT-3’) containing 1 U/μl Taq polymerase (Sigma-Aldrich), 1 × Enzyme buffer, 200 μM of each dNTP (Sigma-Aldrich), 1.25 mM MgCl 2, and 0.5 μM of each primer and 50 ng template DNA in a thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems). PCR reaction was carried out under the following amplification conditions: pre-denaturation step at 94°C for 2 min followed by 30 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 52°C for 1 min and an extension step at 72°C for 1 min and final extension at 72°C for 7 min as described by Dash and Das, (2014). For the isolates that showed negative PCR reactions with F1merA and F2merA primer set, a re-attempt has been made for amplifying the merA gene by gradient PCR method (annealing at 54 ± 5°C) and by using another set of primer A1F (5′-ACCATCGGCGGCACCTGCGT-3’) and A5R (5′-ACCATCGTCAGGTAGGGGACCAA3-′) as described by De etal. (2008). Amplification of the merA gene was confirmed by visualizing it under the Gel Doc system (BioRad). Confirmation of Hg 2+ to Hg 0 reduction by the isolates The DASH diet has been funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH) in various research projects to know whether specific dietary interventions helped treat HTN [ 30]. The subjects included in the study have been told to follow only dietary interventions and no other lifestyle modifications to avoid any confounding [ 30]. It was found in both hypertensive and normotensive individuals that dietary intervention alone helped reduce SBP by 6 to 11 mm Hg [ 30]. Since these results, the DASH diet, along with lifestyle modifications, has been advised as the first line of pharmacologic therapy in some instances. Several other clinical trials have shown that the DASH diet helps lower BP, cholesterol, and saturated fats as well as there is evidence that it lowers the risk of adverse cardiac events, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and obesity [ 30]. Therefore, it is crucial for clinicians, nurses, and pharmacists to educate patients about the benefits of the DASH diet [ 30]. In prior studies, many pathways have been reported for Hg 2+ detoxification in microbes using various tools and technologies ( Chang etal., 2020; Cursino etal., 2000; Chang etal., 2021). In the present study, a metabolic pathway is hypothesized based on the GC-MS metabolites and protein-ligand interaction ( Figure S6) and an attempt has been made to correlate the proposed pathway with the different components of the already existing pathways. In this preliminary study, we found that general resistance/detoxification mechanisms of NIOT-EQR_J248 and NIOT-EQR_J251 in response to inorganic mercury (Hg 2+) exposure were a multisystem combined process. Although weight loss plays a significant role in lowering BP, it may be challenging to stay constantly motivated for long-term results [ 28]. Developing strategies to identify individuals who are unable to maintain lifestyle changes may be crucial to help them stay motivated to achieve weight management goals [ 28]. Furthermore, in recent times, an effective tool to promote the maintenance of healthy lifestyle changes like weight loss can be the use of mobile technology and personal digital devices, especially when individuals no longer have the availability of support and accountability through active interventions [ 29]. In hypertensive individuals with normal weight, other interventions like the DASH diet help lower BP [ 28].
The health effects of alcohol intake are variable and are based on the amount of intake (low, moderate, or heavy) and intake pattern (acute, chronic, or binge) [ 45- 47]. In the US, the amount of pure alcohol in one standard drink is 14 g, which can be found in 12 oz of regular beer (about 5% alcohol), 5 oz of wine (about 12% alcohol), and 1.5 oz of distilled spirits (about 40% alcohol) [ 48]. Moderate alcohol intake recommendations according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans are the consumption of two standard drinks per day for men and one standard drink per day for women [ 49]. Moderate alcoholic intake has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic disease [ 49]. The upholstery suffers most. We have HG car upholstery cleaner. Or take a look at our tips for cleaning fabric car upholstery. For leather seats, we have HG deep cleaner for leather. Now the top of the interior is clean, it's time to shake and beat the mats. That will deal with the larger bits of dirt.
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It will have your employee’s name as held in the Payroll system, associated with this 'HG' account: Manual entry code method Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Chennai, India It can be observed that high Hg concentration causes structural deformities which may be due to its toxic nature. In our previous study, we reported that cultures accustomed to grow in the presence of HgCl 2 manifested major morphological abnormalities ( Joshi etal., 2021). We also suggested several structural asymmetries allied with the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, significantly affecting the cellular mechanism. Resultantly, there is a substantial delay at the beginning of growth and cell division in a higher concentration of Hg 2+. Metabolites formed during Hg (II) reduction Hg volatilization by bacteria involves the reduction of Hg 2+ via the mer system to Hg 0, which is less toxic. It is appealing from the essential and practical viewpoints that halophilic bacteria can also grow in the presence of a higher amount of Hg and volatilized Hg efficiently similar to the non-halophilic bacteria. The ICP-MS analysis did not detect significant Hg loss in the control sample (without bacteria), which confirms the volatility of Hg being biotic ( Table S2). Thus, our results suggested that halophilic bacteria can also remove the Hg from the growth media, indicating that it may be potentially applied in contaminated environments. The Hg comes into the ocean either through atmospheric deposition or other several natural and active or passive processes. The results of this study imply that the two marine strains of Halomonas sp., isolated from ERIO may have the ability to remove Hg 2+ from the growth medium. Identification of functional groups changed during Hg(II) reduction
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